1. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
也有人叫它持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,它表示能夠延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)作可以長時(shí)間延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久的影響。英語中的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞比較多,如study, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
He worked all day in the fields. 他在地里干了一天。
I waited for you for an hour. 我等你等了一個(gè)鐘頭。
He stayed in London for over a month. 他在倫敦待了一個(gè)多月。
He watched them eating. 他瞧著他們吃飯。
2. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞
非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,也有人叫它終止性動(dòng)詞、短暫性動(dòng)詞、瞬間動(dòng)詞,它表示不能延續(xù)的動(dòng)作,這種動(dòng)作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有begin, buy, close, come, die, fail, find, finish, go, join, kill, leave, lend, lose, sell, start, stop, borrow等。如:
They reached the village in the afternoon. 下午他們抵達(dá)那個(gè)村子。
I haven't finished the work yet. 這項(xiàng)工作我還沒有干完。
She stood up and left the room. 她站起身走出房去。
3. 與完成時(shí)連用
有的人認(rèn)為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用,你也這樣認(rèn)為嗎?錯(cuò)了!其實(shí)這是一種誤解。事實(shí)上,無論是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞還是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,它們都可以與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。如:
He has lived here for ten 10 years. 他在這里住了10年了。
He has just arrived. 他剛剛到達(dá)。
上面兩句的謂語都用了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),但第一句中的動(dòng)詞live是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,而第二句中的動(dòng)詞arrive為非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。兩者真正不同的是,延續(xù)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)需要可以連用一段時(shí)間,而非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞通常不能連用一段時(shí)間,所以第一句中的live可以連用一段時(shí)間for ten years,第二句中的arrive則不可以連用類似for ten years這樣的一段時(shí)間。
4. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的如何變?yōu)檠永m(xù)性動(dòng)詞
非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞由于它所表示的動(dòng)作只在瞬間完成,不能延續(xù),所以它不能與一段時(shí)間連用,若在實(shí)際語境中需要連用一段時(shí)間,則應(yīng)改為與之同義的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如:
begin / start→be on die→be dead come / go→be in
borrow→keep finish→be over leave→be away
buy→have get to know→know join→be in / be a member of
請看下面的例句子:
運(yùn)動(dòng)會已經(jīng)開了三天了。
誤:The sports meeting has begun for three days.
正:The sports meeting has been on for three days.
他入黨10年了。
誤:He has joined the Party for 10 years.
正:He has been in the Party for 10 years.
正:He has been a Party member for 10 years.
他死了三年了。
誤:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years.
5. 在否定句中的用法
非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與一段時(shí)間連用,這通常只限于肯定句,在否定句中則沒有這樣的限制——因?yàn)樗械姆茄永m(xù)性動(dòng)詞一旦被否定,就成了一種狀態(tài),而所有的狀態(tài)都是可以持續(xù)的。如leave(離開)是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,而not leave(沒有離開)則是一種狀態(tài),因?yàn)?ldquo;沒有離開”其實(shí)就是“呆在原處”,相當(dāng)于still stay there之類的意思,所以它是延續(xù)了。如:
誤:He has left here for three years. 他離開這兒有三年了。
正:He hasn't left here for three years. 他已有三年沒離開這兒了。