考點1 狀語從句常見引導詞
根據(jù)其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目的、結(jié)果、讓步、方式和比較等從句。常用引導詞如下表:
1. when的用法
(1)when表示時間點和時間段。有時相當于as soon as/immediately/instantly/directly等詞的意思。when用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)“hardly/scarcely... when...”,此時when 可換作before。注意:當把hardly/scarcely放句首時,句子需部分倒裝。
We will start when the monitor comes. 班長一來,我們就出發(fā)。
I had hardly arrived home last night when it began to rain.=Hardly had I arrived home last night when it began to rain. 昨晚我一到家,就開始下雨了。
(2)when 有時可譯為“如果……”,相當于if,引導條件狀語從句。
Smog will be distant from us when everyone fights against pollution.
如果人人反對污染,霧霾就會遠離我們。
(3)when可作并列連詞,引導并列分句,意為“突然……”或“這時……”,表示一個動作“正在發(fā)生”“即將發(fā)生”“剛剛完成”時突然插入另一個動作。when相當于and just time或and just at that time,常用于下列三種句型:was/were doing... when...; was/were about to do(on the point of doing)... when...; had done... when...例如:
I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy crying for help.
我正沿著河邊走,突然聽到一個溺水兒童的呼救。
I was about to go out when an unexpected visitor came.
我正要出門,一位不速之客來訪了。
We had just planted 100 trees when it began to rain.
我們剛剛栽完100棵樹,就開始下雨了。
2. while的用法
while表示時間段,作并列連詞,表示前后對比。while引導的讓步狀語從句多放在句首,相當于although,表示“盡管,雖然”。
There’s plenty of rain in the southeast, while there’s little in the northeast.
東南部雨量充足,而東北部則很少下雨。
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
雖然我理解你的意思,但我還是不能贊同你。
注意
① when引導的時間狀語從句既可放在句首,也可放在句末;而while引導的讓步狀語從句一般放在句首,不放在句末;另外,也可以從意義上加以區(qū)分。
② while和when都可以引導時間狀語從句,但應注意:while引導的時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性的動詞;而when引導的時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞既可以是延續(xù)性動詞,也可以是非延續(xù)性動詞。當時間狀語從句中的謂語動詞是延續(xù)性動詞時,while和when 可以互相替換。例如:
The bus had left when we arrived at the bus stop. 當我們到達車站時,公共汽車已經(jīng)開走了。(arrive是非延續(xù)性動詞,因此,此句中的when不能用while替換)
When/While we were having a meeting, our teacher came in. 我們正在開會時,老師走了進來。(have是延續(xù)性動詞,因此,句中的when可以用while替換)
③ while引導的狀語從句還可以表示“某個動作正在進行的同時,另一個動作也在進行之中”。例如:
While the teacher was speaking, the students were listening. 老師在講課,學生們在聽。
3. as的用法
(1)as與when, while都是引導時間狀語從句的從屬連詞,含義都是“當……的時候”。as意為at the same time that“正當……;與……同時”,它兼指“時間點”和“時間段”,從句的動詞既可是延續(xù)性動詞,也可是非延續(xù)性動詞,意為“一邊……一邊……”,“隨著”。
The door bell rang as we were having breakfast. 正當我們吃早飯的時候,門鈴響了。
As the time went on(=With the time going on), the weather got worse and worse.
隨著時間的推移,天氣越來越糟。
(2)while意為during the time that“在……期間”,指一個“時間段”,不能表達“時間點”,從句的動詞只限于延續(xù)性動詞;when意為at the time that“在……時”,多指“時間點”。
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵。
It was snowing when he arrived at the construction site. 他到達工地時正在下雪。
(3)as可以引導讓步狀語從句。as與although(或though),however(或no matter how)等都可以引導讓步狀語從句,含義是“雖然,盡管”,但它們有區(qū)別:although語氣稍正式些,可放在句首,也可放在句中,主句中不能再用but,但可以用yet;as所表達的語氣較強,引導的讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序;however引導讓步狀語從句時,它的后面可跟形容詞或副詞,也要用倒裝語序。
Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.
這次意外雖然很奇怪,卻沒有人受傷。
Young as he is, he knows everything. 盡管小,他什么都知道。
還可表達為:
Though he is young, he knows everything.
Young though he is, he knows everything.
Although he is young, he knows everything.
However young he is, he knows everything.
另外,though還可以作為副詞,意為“可是,然而,不過;話雖這樣說”,一般位于句尾。
I wish you had told me, though. 不過,我希望你曾告訴過我。
He said he would come, he didn’t, though. 他說他要來,可是他并沒有來。
另外,as還可以引導原因狀語從句。
As rain has fallen, the air is cooler. 因為下過雨,空氣比較清爽。
4. so/such... that... 均可引導結(jié)果狀語從句
該句型中的such是形容詞,修飾名詞;so是副詞,修飾形容詞或副詞,具體的搭配形式是:“so+adj./adv.+that”,“so+adj.(+a/an)+n.+that”;“such(+a/an)(+adj.)+n.+that”。
He speaks so fast that no one can catch him. 他說話太快,無人聽得明白。
He’s such a good person that we mustn’t blame him.
他是這么好的人,我們千萬不要怪他。
There is so rapid an increase(=such a rapid increase)in population that a food shortage is caused. 人口增長如此迅速,以致造成了糧食短缺。
They are such fine teachers that we all hold them in great respect.
他們是非常好的老師,我們對他們極為尊敬。
It is such nice weather that I would like to go to the beach. 天氣如此好,我想去海灘。
The country has so much coal that it can export large quantities. 那個國家的煤炭非常豐富,可以大量出口。(so與表示數(shù)量的代詞many, few, much, little等連用已經(jīng)形成固定搭配,不能換用such)
5. It be... since/before/when... 從句歸納
6. 其他連詞(或副詞、名詞)
· after 在……之后
· before 在……之前
· since 自從……(引導時間狀語從句,主句需使用完成時態(tài))
· once 一旦……(也可用作副詞,意為“曾經(jīng),一度”)
· whenever 無論何時,每當……
· immediately/directly 一……就……(相當于as soon as,個別語法學家已經(jīng)賦予這類副詞連詞詞性)
· the moment/minute 每當……;一……就……(相當于as soon as)
· each/every time 每當……
例如:
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自從我上次見到你以后,你到哪兒去了?
Once you understand this rule, you’ll have no further difficulty.
一旦你明白了這條規(guī)則,就再也沒有困難了。
Whenever I hear that song, it makes me think of you.
每當我聽到那首歌,我就會想起你。
I came immediately/directly I got your message. 一收到你的消息,我就來了。
He said he’d phone you the moment he got home. 他說他一到家就會給你打電話。
I meet up with Julie every time I go to Washington.
每次我去華盛頓的時候,我都會見朱莉。