演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:如果一項(xiàng)人權(quán)就能改變世界呢?

聽(tīng)力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語(yǔ)文稿，供各位英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者學(xué)習(xí)使用。本文主要內(nèi)容為演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:如果一項(xiàng)人權(quán)就能改變世界呢?，希望你會(huì)喜歡！

【演講者及介紹】Kristen Wenz

克里斯汀·溫茨是國(guó)際發(fā)展界的一位新興領(lǐng)袖，被認(rèn)為是法律身份問(wèn)題的全球頂級(jí)專家。

【演講主題】如果一項(xiàng)人權(quán)就能改變世界呢？

What if a single human right could change the world?

【中英文字幕】

翻譯者Lilian Chiu 校對(duì)者 Helen Chang

00:12

So, when I was 14, my family was in the process of adopting my little brothers from Ethiopia. And one day my mom asked, "What day should we put for their birthday?" "Uh, the day they were born, obviously?" Ridiculous question. And then my mom said, "Well, Kristen, neither of your little brothers have a birth certificate, so how do you suggest we find out when that was?" Mind blown. Now, 20 years later, I'm still working on it, except instead of trying to solve the mystery of my brothers' missing birth certificates, I try to solve this problem globally.

我十四歲時(shí)， 我的家人正在跑流程，要將 我的弟弟們從埃塞俄比亞領(lǐng)養(yǎng)回來(lái)。 有一天，我母親問(wèn)： 「寫(xiě)他們的生日時(shí)要寫(xiě)哪一天？」 「呃，不就是他們 出生的那一天嗎？」 可笑的問(wèn)題。 接著，我母親說(shuō)： 「克里斯廷，你的兩個(gè)弟弟 都沒(méi)有出生證明書(shū)， 你覺(jué)得我們要如何 查出他們出生的日子？」 好震驚。 二十年后，我仍然在為此努力， 只是，現(xiàn)在不是試著解決 我弟弟沒(méi)有出生證明的謎， 而是解決全球的這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

00:49

So what do birth certificates have to do with international development? To answer that, we have to look back at the original development agenda, the human rights agenda.

所以，出生證明 和國(guó)際發(fā)展有什么關(guān)系？ 為了回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題，我們得要 回頭看看原始的開(kāi)發(fā)重點(diǎn)， 人權(quán)的重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目。

00:58

So in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, for the first time, set a shared vision of basic human rights and dignities that apply to all people in all nations: Article 6, the right to be recognized as a person before the law. Or, a legal identity. For children, this is a birth certificate. And despite this being a universal human right, one billion people today have no record they exist, making it one of the greatest human rights violations of our time, yet nobody seems to know about it.

1948 年，《世界人權(quán)宣言》 史上第一次 設(shè)定了基本人權(quán) 和尊嚴(yán)的共同遠(yuǎn)景， 適用于所有國(guó)家的所有人民： 第六條： 人人于任何所在有 被承認(rèn)為法律上主體之權(quán)利。 或者，合法身分。 對(duì)孩子來(lái)說(shuō)，這就是出生證明。 盡管這是一項(xiàng)世界人權(quán)， 現(xiàn)今有十億人沒(méi)有 存在于世界上的記錄， 這是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代 最嚴(yán)重的人權(quán)違反之一， 似乎卻沒(méi)有人知道這件事。

01:34

In the face of world poverty and hunger, making sure everyone in the world has a legal identity doesn't really seem important, but in reality it is. See, early in my career, I was working with a social worker in a slum community in Mumbai, and we were following up on a case with this little girl who had contracted polio as a baby and was paralyzed from the waist down. When we arrived at the home, we found her on the floor. Her legs were badly scarred and infected, she was malnourished, she had never gone to school and she had spent most of her life confined to this small, dark room. When we left, I asked the social worker what the case plan was, and she said, "Well first, we have to get her a birth certificate." I was a little taken aback. I said, "Well, don't you think we need to get her some social assistance and a safe place to live and into a school?" She goes, "Exactly, which is why we need to get her a birth certificate."

面臨世界貧困和饑荒之際， 確保世界上人人都有合法身分 似乎不那么重要， 但，其實(shí)很重要。 在我的職涯初期， 我在孟買的貧民窟 和一位社工合作， 我們?cè)谧粉櫼粋€(gè)小女孩的案例， 她在嬰兒時(shí)期染上小兒麻痹， 腰部以下都癱瘓。 我們到她家時(shí)， 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)她在地板上。 她的雙腿有嚴(yán)重的傷疤 且受到感染， 她營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良， 她從來(lái)沒(méi)有上過(guò)學(xué)， 她人生中大部分的時(shí)間都被 關(guān)在這間又小又暗的房間中。 我們離開(kāi)時(shí)，我問(wèn)社工 這個(gè)案例的計(jì)劃是什么， 她說(shuō)：「我們先幫她 弄一張出生證明。」 我有點(diǎn)吃驚。 我說(shuō)：「你不認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該 幫她尋求某種社會(huì)協(xié)助， 找個(gè)安全的住處，協(xié)助她上學(xué)？」 她說(shuō)：「沒(méi)錯(cuò)，這就是為什么 我們要幫她弄一張出生證明?！?/p>

02:30

See, without a legal identity, you are not recognized as a person by the government. And a person who doesn't officially exist can't access government services, and the government can only provide services for the number of people they know about. Hence, people are overlooked, for example, by routine immunization services.

要知道，沒(méi)有合法身分， 你不會(huì)被政府視為一個(gè)人。 沒(méi)有正式被認(rèn)可存在的人， 就不能取得政府的服務(wù)， 政府只能提供服務(wù) 給他們知道的人。 因此，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，有人就會(huì) 被例行的免疫服務(wù)給忽略。

02:49

People without a legal identity are both uncounted and unprotected. They're among the poorest members of society from the most marginalized communities. They're victims of trafficking. Human traffickers know that it's nearly impossible to find someone if there was never a record they existed in the first place. They're victims of exploitation, such as child marriage and child labor. Without a birth certificate, how do you prove a child is still a child? They're among the stateless; birth certificates provide proof of who your parents are and where you were born, the two main factors for acquiring nationality.

沒(méi)有合法身分的人不但沒(méi)有 被算進(jìn)去，也不會(huì)受到保護(hù)。 他們屬于社會(huì)中最貧窮的成員， 來(lái)自最被邊緣化的小區(qū)。 他們是人口販運(yùn)的受害者。 人口販子知道，如果一個(gè)人 本來(lái)就沒(méi)有存在的記錄， 要找到這個(gè)人就幾乎是不可能的事。 他們是剝削的受害者， 比如童婚及童工。 沒(méi)有出生證明，你要如何證明 一個(gè)孩子仍然是一個(gè)孩子？ 他們是無(wú)國(guó)籍的人； 出生證明可以證明 你的父母是誰(shuí)、在哪里出生， 這兩項(xiàng)信息是取得 國(guó)籍的主要因子。

03:27

Of the one billion people in the world without a legal identity, the vast majority are children who were never registered at birth. In the least developed nations, the births of over 60 percent of children have never been recorded. A study across 17 countries in sub-Saharan Africa found that 80 percent of children did not have a birth certificate. Out of the countries that have not yet achieved universal birth registration coverage, in 26 countries, a birth certificate is required to access health care, including vaccines. In 37 countries, it's required to access social assistance intended to bring people out of poverty. And in 59 countries, a birth certificate is required for a child to be enrolled or complete school. A birth certificate is also often required for other forms of legal identity, like a national ID or a passport. And some form of legal identity in almost every country is required to vote, get a SIM card or open a bank account. In fact, of the 1.7 billion people in the world who are unbanked, 20 percent is due to not having a legal identity document.

全世界沒(méi)有合法身分的十億人中， 絕大部分都是孩童， 他們?cè)诔錾鷷r(shí)就沒(méi)有登記。 在開(kāi)發(fā)程度最低的國(guó)家中， 超過(guò)六成的孩童 在出生時(shí)都沒(méi)有做記錄。 一項(xiàng)針對(duì)撒哈拉以南非洲 十七個(gè)國(guó)家所做的研究 發(fā)現(xiàn)有八成的孩童沒(méi)有出生證明。 在還沒(méi)有達(dá)成全民 都有出生登記的國(guó)家當(dāng)中， 有二十六個(gè)國(guó)家要求要有 出生證明才能取得健康照護(hù)， 包括施打疫苗也要。 有三十七個(gè)國(guó)家要求 要有出生證明才能取得 幫助人民脫離貧困的社會(huì)協(xié)助。 有五十九個(gè)國(guó)家要求孩子要有 出生證明才能上學(xué)或完成學(xué)業(yè)。 通常，辦理其他形式的合法身分 也會(huì)需要出生證明， 比如國(guó)民身分證或護(hù)照。 幾乎每個(gè)國(guó)家都要求要有 某種形式的合法身分 才能投票、取得 SIM 卡， 或在銀行開(kāi)戶。 事實(shí)上，全世界 有十七億人沒(méi)有銀行賬戶， 其中兩成的原因是因?yàn)?沒(méi)有合法身分文件。

04:35

Now, you don't have to be an expert to see that this, times a billion, is a big problem. So it's not surprising that evidence shows that improved birth registration coverage goes hand in hand with improved development outcomes, from poverty alleviation to better health, nutrition, education, economic improvement and safe and orderly migration.

不用是專家也看得出來(lái)， 這個(gè)問(wèn)題乘以十億倍有多嚴(yán)重。 所以，并不意外，有證據(jù)顯示， 改善出生登記的普及率 與改善發(fā)展結(jié)果是息息相關(guān)的， 從扶貧， 到更加的健康、營(yíng)養(yǎng)、教育、 經(jīng)濟(jì)改善， 以及安全、有秩序的移民。

04:58

In 2015, world leaders came together and promised that they would uphold human rights of all people and leave no one behind in efforts to end poverty, hunger and reduce inequalities. But how are they going to uphold human rights and how do they know if anyone is being left behind if they do not know who they are or where they are in the first place?

2015 年， 世界領(lǐng)袖齊聚一堂， 保證他們會(huì)支持所有人的人權(quán)， 不拋棄任何人， 致力于終結(jié)貧困、 饑荒， 以及減少不平等。 但，他們要如何支持人權(quán)， 他們要如何知道有誰(shuí)被拋棄， 如果他們打從一開(kāi)始就根本 不知道這些人是誰(shuí)、在哪里？

05:25

So what can countries do about this? Now, there's no one-size-fits-all model, because every country context is unique. There are five proven interventions that can be applied to any system. Number one, reduce the distance. Two, remove the cost. Three, simplify the process. Four, remove discrimination. Five, increase demand.

因此，國(guó)家能怎么做？ 沒(méi)有一個(gè)世界通用的模型， 因?yàn)槊總€(gè)國(guó)家的情況 都是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的。 有五項(xiàng)已經(jīng)證明過(guò)的干預(yù)方式 可以應(yīng)用在任何制度上。 第一，減少距離。 第二，移除成本。 第三，簡(jiǎn)化流程。 第四，移除歧視。 第五，增加需求。

05:47

Gender discrimination remains a hidden problem, because statistically, there's no difference between registration rates of boys and girls. But the discrimination isn't against the child -- it's against the mother. Angola was one of 35 countries that required a father's name or to be present in order for the child's birth to be registered. So in situations where the father is unknown, unwilling or unable to claim paternity, the mothers are legally prevented from registering the births of their own children. So to address this, Angola put a policy in place allowing mothers to register their children as a single parent.

性別歧視仍然是個(gè)臺(tái)面下的問(wèn)題， 因?yàn)椋泻⒑团⒌牡怯洷嚷?在統(tǒng)計(jì)上并沒(méi)有差異。 但，歧視并不是針對(duì)孩童—— 是針對(duì)母親。 有三十五個(gè)國(guó)家 在登記孩子出生時(shí)會(huì)要求 要填寫(xiě)父親的名字或要父親在場(chǎng)， 安哥拉是其中之一。 所以，在一些情況下，生父未知， 或是生父不愿意 或者不能承認(rèn)自己是父親， 根據(jù)法律，母親就無(wú)法 為他們自己的孩子登記出生。 為了處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題， 安哥拉推出一項(xiàng)政策， 允許母親以單親家長(zhǎng)的 身分為孩子做登記。

06:24

In Tanzania, in 2012, only 13 percent of children had a birth certificate. So the government came up with a new system. They put registration centers in existing infrastructure, such as community wards and in health facilities. So they brought the services closer to the people who needed them. They removed the fee. They simplified the process and automated it, so the birth certificate could be issued on the spot. To increase demand, they rolled out a public awareness campaign, letting people know that there's a new process and why it was important to register the births of their children. In just a few years in the districts where the new system was put in place, 83 percent of children now have birth certificates, and they're in the process of rolling this out nationwide.

在坦桑尼亞，2012 年 只有 13% 的孩童有出生證明。 于是政府提出了一種新制度。 他們把登記中心開(kāi)設(shè)在 既有的基礎(chǔ)機(jī)構(gòu)中， 比如小區(qū)病房 和健康相關(guān)場(chǎng)所。 他們把服務(wù)帶到距離 有需求的人民更近的地方。 他們?nèi)∠耸召M(fèi)。 他們把流程簡(jiǎn)化及自動(dòng)化， 讓人民可以現(xiàn)場(chǎng)領(lǐng)取出生證明。 為了增加需求， 他們推出了公眾意識(shí)活動(dòng)， 讓人民知道有新的流程 以及為什么為孩子 做出生登記如此重要。 短短幾年間，在實(shí)施 新制度的地區(qū)中， 83% 的孩童都有了出生證明， 現(xiàn)在他們正在 把這項(xiàng)制度推向全國(guó)。

07:13

So what can you do? See, I believe we are all united by our humanity. We live on the same earth. We breathe the same air. And while none of us chose to be born or the situation we were born into, we do get to choose how we live. Change occurs when a moment of awareness or a moment of compassion inspires a person to act. And through our collective action, we become the most powerful agents of change. And when the cost of inaction is innocent children are left unprotected, unvaccinated, unable to go to school, growing up to be adults who are unable to find decent work or vote, trapped in a cycle of poverty, exclusion and invisibility, it comes down to us to take this issue out of the darkness and into the light. Because it's not every day you get the opportunity to change the world, but today, you do.

所以，各位能做什么？ 我相信我們的人性 讓大家團(tuán)結(jié)成為一體。 我們都住在地球上。 我們呼吸著相同的空氣。 雖然我們都無(wú)法選擇自己 生在何處、什么樣的情況中， 但我們能選擇怎樣生活。 改變發(fā)生在覺(jué)醒的時(shí)刻 或同情的時(shí)刻， 那會(huì)鼓舞人采取行動(dòng)。 透過(guò)我們集體的行動(dòng)， 我們就會(huì)變成最強(qiáng)大的改變媒介。 如果不采取行動(dòng)的代價(jià)是 無(wú)辜兒童被拋棄、不受保護(hù)、 無(wú)法接種疫苗、無(wú)法去上學(xué)、 長(zhǎng)大成人之后無(wú)法 找到好的工作或投票、 被困在貧窮的循環(huán)當(dāng)中、 被排除且不被看見(jiàn)， 那就要靠我們 來(lái)把這個(gè)議題從黑暗中翻出來(lái)， 攤到陽(yáng)光底下。 因?yàn)?，你并非每?都有機(jī)會(huì)改變世界， 但今天你有機(jī)會(huì)。

08:09

Thanks.

謝謝。

08:11

(Applause)

（掌聲）