演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:如何向被歷史忽略的人們致敬

聽(tīng)力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語(yǔ)文稿，供各位英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者學(xué)習(xí)使用。本文主要內(nèi)容為演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:如何向被歷史忽略的人們致敬，希望你會(huì)喜歡！

【演講人及介紹】Amy Padnani

艾米·帕德納尼自2011年以來(lái)一直擔(dān)任的編輯。在訃告臺(tái)上，她推出了《無(wú)視》，這是一個(gè)屢獲殊榮的系列，講述了從未收到訃告的杰出人物的故事。

【演講主題】如何向被歷史忽略的人們致敬

【演講文稿-中英文】

翻譯者 Ivana Korom 校對(duì) Krystian Aparta

00:12

My name is Amy Padnani, and I'm an editor on the obituaries desk at the "New York Times." Or, as some friends call me, the angel of death.

我是艾米·帕納尼， 我是負(fù)責(zé)訃文的編輯， 有些朋友會(huì)稱(chēng)我為死亡天使。

00:21

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

00:23

In fact, people will ask me, "Isn't it depressing, working on obituaries and thinking about death all the time?" But you know what I tell them? Obits aren't about death, they're about life, they're interesting, they're relatable. Often about something you never knew.

事實(shí)上，大家會(huì)問(wèn)我： “做訃文的工作，時(shí)時(shí)刻刻想著死亡， 不會(huì)很讓人沮喪嗎？“ 猜猜我怎么回答他們？ 訃文的重點(diǎn)不是死，而是生， 訃文是有趣的，能讓人產(chǎn)生共鳴， 通常會(huì)寫(xiě)一些你不知道的事。

00:39

Recently, for example, we had the obit for the inventor of the sock puppet.

比如，最近， 我們?yōu)橐m子玩偶的發(fā)明者寫(xiě)了訃文。

00:44

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

00:46

Everyone knows what a sock puppet is, but have you ever thought about who created it, or what their life was like? Obits are a signature form of journalism. An art form, if you will. It's an opportunity for a writer to weave the tale of a person's life into a beautiful narrative.

大家都知道襪子玩偶， 但你們?cè)?jīng)想過(guò)是誰(shuí)發(fā)明的， 他們的生活是什么樣子的嗎？ 訃文是新聞的一種招牌形式。 也可說(shuō)是種藝術(shù)形式。 它是個(gè)讓作者將一個(gè)人的人生故事 編織成美麗描述的機(jī)會(huì)。

01:03

Since 1851, the "New York Times" has published thousands of obituaries. For heads of state, famous celebrities, even the person who came up with the name on the Slinky. There's just one problem. Only a small percentage of them chronicle the lives of women and people of color. That's the impetus behind a project I created called "Overlooked," which tells the stories of marginalized groups of people who never got an obit. It's a chance for the newspaper to revisit its 168-year existence and fill in the gaps for people who were, for whatever reason, left out. It's a chance to right the wrongs of the past, and to refocus society's lens on who is considered important.

從1851年起， 已經(jīng)刊出了 數(shù)以千記的訃文。 對(duì)象包括州首長(zhǎng)、知名的名人， 甚至那位將螺旋彈簧玩具 取名為Slinky的人。 只有一個(gè)問(wèn)題。 只有一小部分的訃文 在記錄女性和有色人種的人生。 出于這個(gè)動(dòng)機(jī)，我創(chuàng)立了一個(gè)項(xiàng)目， 叫做“被忽略者”， 目的是幫被邊緣化的族群說(shuō)故事， 他們從來(lái)沒(méi)有訃文。 這是個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，能讓報(bào)社 重溫它168年的歷史， 去填補(bǔ)那些不論 因?yàn)槭裁蠢碛啥慌懦娜说镍櫆稀?這是個(gè)可以修正過(guò)去錯(cuò)誤的機(jī)會(huì)， 讓社會(huì)把焦點(diǎn)重新調(diào)整 到思考誰(shuí)是重要的。

01:52

I came up with the idea when I first joined Obituaries in 2017. The Black Lives Matter movement was at a rolling boil, and the conversation on gender inequality had just started bubbling up again. And at the same time, I wondered, as a journalist and as a woman of color, what could I do to help advance this conversation. People were coming out of the shadows to tell stories of injustices that they had faced, and I could feel their pain. So I noticed we would get these emails, sometimes, from readers, saying, "Hey, why don't you have more women and people of color in your obituaries?" And I thought, "Yeah, why don't we?"

我是在2017年剛加入訃文團(tuán)隊(duì)時(shí) 想出的這個(gè)點(diǎn)子。 當(dāng)時(shí)“黑人的命也重要”的活動(dòng) 正如火如荼開(kāi)展， 關(guān)于性別不平等的對(duì)話(huà) 又開(kāi)始冒出來(lái)。 同時(shí)，我很納悶，身為記者 以及有色人種女性， 我要怎樣做才能協(xié)助 促進(jìn)這場(chǎng)對(duì)話(huà)？ 人們開(kāi)始走出陰影， 說(shuō)出他們?cè)庥龅讲还墓适拢?我能感受到他們的痛苦。 我注意到，有時(shí)我們會(huì) 收到一些讀者來(lái)信， 說(shuō)：“嘿，為什么你們 不多刊載一些女性 和有色人種的訃告？“ 我心想：”是呀，為什么不？“

02:29

Since I was new to the team, I asked my colleagues, and they said, "Well, the people who are dying today are from a generation when women and people of color weren't invited to the table to make a difference. Perhaps in a generation or two, we'll start to see more women and people of color in our obituaries." That answer just wasn't satisfying at all.

因?yàn)槲也艅傔M(jìn)入團(tuán)隊(duì)， 我跑去問(wèn)同事這件事， 而他們說(shuō)：”現(xiàn)今過(guò)世的人， 在他們那個(gè)年代，女性和有色人種 沒(méi)有被邀請(qǐng)去一起創(chuàng)造不同。 也許再過(guò)一、兩個(gè)世代， 我們就會(huì)有更多女性 和有色人種的訃文。” 這答案一點(diǎn)也不讓人滿(mǎn)意。

02:49

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

02:50

I wanted to know: Where are all the dead women?

我想要知道：逝去的 女性都到哪去了？

02:52

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

02:55

So I started thinking about how we hear about people who have died, right? Number one way is through reader submissions. And so I thought, "Well, what if we were to look at international newspapers or scour social media?" It was around this time when ... Everything was swirling in my mind, and I came across a website about Mary Outerbridge. She was credited with introducing tennis to America in 1874. And I thought, wow, one of the biggest sports in America was introduced by a woman? Does anyone even know that? And did she get a New York Times obituary? Spoiler alert -- she did not.

于是，我開(kāi)始思考如何得知人的死訊？ 第一的方式是由讀者提交。 所以，我心想： “如果我們?nèi)タ磭?guó)際性的報(bào)紙 或搜尋社交媒體呢？” 大約在此時(shí)…… 我腦中好多想法在轉(zhuǎn)， 我剛好看了一個(gè)關(guān)于 瑪麗奧特布里奇的網(wǎng)站。 1874 年網(wǎng)球被引入美國(guó)是她的功勞。 我心想，哇，這個(gè)美國(guó) 最盛行的運(yùn)動(dòng)之一 竟是由女性引入的？ 有人知道這件事嗎？ 有刊她的訃文嗎？劇透警告——答案是沒(méi)有。

03:33

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

03:34

So then I wondered who else we missed. And it sent me on this deep dive through the archives. There were some surprises. The pioneering journalist Ida B. Wells, who started the campaign against lynching. The brilliant poet Sylvia Plath. Ada Lovelace, a mathematician now recognized as the first computer programmer.

接著，我開(kāi)始納悶 我們還漏了誰(shuí)？ 為此，我埋首到檔案資料庫(kù)中。 我找到一些驚喜。 發(fā)起過(guò)對(duì)抗私刑的活動(dòng) 的先驅(qū)記者艾達(dá)·威爾斯。 出色的詩(shī)人希薇亞·普拉斯。 數(shù)學(xué)家愛(ài)達(dá)·勒芙蕾絲， 如今被認(rèn)可為第一位 電腦程序設(shè)計(jì)師。

03:57

So I went back to my team and I said, "What if we were to tell their stories now?" It took a while to get buy-in. There was this concern that, you know, the newspaper might look bad because it didn't get it right the first time. It was also a little weird to sort of look back at the past, rather than cover news stories of our day. But I said, "Guys, I really think this is worthwhile." And once my team saw the value in it, they were all in. And so, with the help of a dozen writers and editors, we launched on March 8, 2018, with the stories of 15 remarkable women.

于是對(duì)我的團(tuán)隊(duì)說(shuō)： “如果我們現(xiàn)在來(lái)說(shuō) 她們的故事呢？” 花了一點(diǎn)時(shí)間大家才買(mǎi)帳。 顯然，大家都會(huì)擔(dān)心 報(bào)社可能會(huì)難堪， 因?yàn)樗诘谝淮螘r(shí)沒(méi)有做對(duì)。 而且這樣做有點(diǎn)怪，回看過(guò)去 而不是報(bào)導(dǎo)現(xiàn)今的新故事。 但我說(shuō)：“各位， 我真的認(rèn)為這很值得?！?一旦我的團(tuán)隊(duì)看到了它的價(jià)值， 他們?nèi)技尤肓恕?所以，在十多名 作家和編輯的協(xié)助下， 我們?cè)?2018 年 3 月 8 日發(fā)表并推出了十五位杰出女性的故事。

04:34

And while I knew that the work my team was doing was powerful, I didn't expect the response to be equally powerful. I had hundreds of emails. They were from people who said, "Thank you for finally giving these women a voice." They were from readers who said, "I cried on my way to work, reading these stories, because I felt seen for the first time." And they were from colleagues of mine, who said, "I never thought a woman of color would be allowed to achieve something like this at the 'New York Times.'" I also got about 4,000 reader submissions suggesting who else we might have overlooked. And some of those are my favorite stories in the project.

雖然我知道我的團(tuán)隊(duì) 所做的事很強(qiáng)大， 但我并沒(méi)料到反響也會(huì)同等強(qiáng)大。 我收到了數(shù)百封電子郵件。 來(lái)信的人寫(xiě)說(shuō)道： “謝謝你們終于給了這些女性聲音?！?來(lái)信的讀者寫(xiě)說(shuō)： “我在上班的路上邊讀這些故事邊哭， 因?yàn)檫@是我第一次感到被看見(jiàn)了。” 我的同事來(lái)信寫(xiě)道： “我從沒(méi)想過(guò)，有色人種女性 會(huì)被允許在 達(dá)成這樣的成就?！?我還收到來(lái)自讀者總共約四千個(gè) 我們可能忽略掉的人的建議。 其中有些是這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中 我很喜歡的故事。

05:15

My all-time favorite is Grandma Gatewood.

我最?lèi)?ài)的是蓋特伍德祖母。

05:18

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

05:19

She survived 30 years of domestic violence at the hands of her husband. One day, he beat her so badly, beyond recognition, he even broke a broomstick over her head, and she threw flour in his face in response. But when the police arrived, they arrested her, not him. The mayor saw her in jail and took her into his own home until she could get back on her feet. Then, one day, she read this article in "National Geographic" about how no woman had ever hiked the Appalachian Trail in its entirety alone. And she said, "You know what? I'm going to do it." Reporters caught wind of the old grandma who is hiking through the woods. And at the finish, they asked her, "How did you survive so rough a place?" But they had no idea what she had survived before that.

她在被丈夫家暴 長(zhǎng)達(dá)三十年后活了下來(lái)， 有一次，他把她打到不成人形， 甚至用帚柄打她的頭， 直到帚柄斷掉， 她的回應(yīng)是朝他的臉丟面粉。 但警察抵達(dá)時(shí)，他們逮捕 的是她，而不是他。 市長(zhǎng)到監(jiān)獄去看她，把她帶到自己家中， 直到她可以振作起來(lái)。 接著，有一天，她讀到 《國(guó)家地理雜志》的一篇文章， 提到?jīng)]有任何女性 曾獨(dú)自走完阿帕拉契小徑。 她說(shuō)：“你知道嗎？讓我來(lái)吧！” 記者聽(tīng)到風(fēng)聲，得知有個(gè) 老奶奶在健行穿越樹(shù)林。 在終點(diǎn)，他們問(wèn)她： “你是怎么撐過(guò)這么困苦的地方的？” 他們并不知道她之前撐過(guò)怎樣的情況。

06:06

So, "Overlooked" has become wildly successful. It's becoming a TV show now, on Netflix.

于是，“被忽略者”獲得了廣泛的成功。 它即將被改編成電視劇在網(wǎng)飛上播出。

06:12

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

06:13

（Applause）

（掌聲）

06:19

I cannot wait to see this thing come to life. Something like 25 different publishers have reached out to me with interest in turning "Overlooked" into a book. All of this clearly shows how timely and necessary this project is. It's also a reminder of how newspapers document what's happening in our world every single day, and we have to make sure not to leave out key people. That's why, even though it's been so meaningful to look back in the past, I'm plagued with the lingering question: "What about the future of obituaries -- how do I diversify those?" That was my original problem, right?

我等不及看到它推出了。 大概有25家出版商來(lái)找過(guò)我， 他們有興趣以書(shū)的形式 出版“被忽略者”。 這一切都顯示，這個(gè)計(jì)劃推出 得多是時(shí)候，且多么必要。 它也有提醒作用， 報(bào)紙記錄了我們的世界中 每天所發(fā)生的事， 我們得要確保重要人物不被遺漏。 這就是為什么雖然回顧過(guò)去 是很有意義的， 但我仍然不斷想一個(gè)問(wèn)題： “訃文的未來(lái)是什么—— 我要如何做到多樣化？” 那是我最初的問(wèn)題，對(duì)吧？

06:55

So to start answering this question, I wanted to gather some information. I went down to the sub-sub-basement level of the New York Times Building, to the archives. We call it the morgue.

所以，為了回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題， 我想要收集一些信息。 我跑到紐約時(shí)報(bào)大樓的 深層地下室， 去檔案庫(kù)。 我們叫它停尸間。

07:06

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

07:08

And I asked for some guidance from our archivist there. He pointed me to a book called "New York Times Obituaries Index." So we handed it to the New York Genealogical Society, and they digitized it for us. And then a programmer wrote up a program that scanned all those headlines for "Mr.," Mrs.," "Lady," "Sir," all the sort of gender-defining terms. And what we found was that from 1851 to 2017, only about 15 to 20 percent of our obits were on women. So next, I worked with a programmer to build this tool, called the diversity analysis tool. It's a very dry name, but bear with me, it's super helpful. It breaks down the percentage of our obits month to month, women to men. OK, if that doesn't sound like much to you, this is how I used to calculate it before.

我向那裡的檔案管理員詢(xún)求指引。 他介紹給我一本叫做 《紐約時(shí)報(bào)訃文索引》的書(shū)。 我們把書(shū)交給紐約家譜協(xié)會(huì)， 他們協(xié)助制作了電子書(shū)。 接著，一位程序設(shè)計(jì)師寫(xiě)了 一個(gè)程序來(lái)掃所有的標(biāo)題， 找出和性別相關(guān)的詞，例如 “先生”、“太太”、“女士”。 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，從 1851 年到 2017 年， 只有 15%~20% 的訃文 是女性的訃文。 接著，我和一名程序設(shè)計(jì)師合作， 建造了一個(gè)多樣性分析工具。 這名字很枯燥，但忍耐一下， 它非常有幫助。 它能將訃文細(xì)分成每個(gè)月， 從女性到男性，來(lái)計(jì)算百分比。 如果你覺(jué)得這聽(tīng)起來(lái)沒(méi)什么， 我以前都是這么做的。

07:55

（Laughter）

（笑聲）

07:57

So I asked this programmer to program in a goal, and that goal was 30 percent. From the year of "Overlooked's" launch, March of 2018, to March of 2019, I was hoping we could get to 30 percent of our obits on women. It was a number we hadn't achieved in a 168 years, and I'm happy to say we did it -- we got to 31 percent.

所以我請(qǐng)程序設(shè)計(jì)師 把目標(biāo)值寫(xiě)進(jìn)程序， 目標(biāo)值是 30%。 從“被忽略者”推出的那一年， 2018 年 3 月， 到 2019 年 3 月， 我希望能達(dá)成 女性訃文占30%的目標(biāo)。 這是 168 年來(lái)我們 都沒(méi)有達(dá)到的數(shù)字， 我很高興告訴各位， 我們做到了——達(dá)到 31%。

08:17

（Applause）

（掌聲）

08:21

It's awesome, but it's not enough. Next we're hoping to get to 35 percent, and then 40 percent, until we achieve parity. And then I'm hoping to partner with this programmer again, to build a similar tool to measure people of color in our obits. That was something I wanted to do with "Overlooked" too, to include men of color, and I finally got to do it with a special section for Black History Month, where we told the stories of about a dozen black men and women. Again, it was a really powerful experience. Many of these people had been slaves or were a generation removed from slavery. A lot of them had to make up stories about their past just to get ahead in life. And there were these patterns of their struggles that came up again and again.

那很棒，但還不夠。 接著，我們希望能達(dá)到 35%， 接著 40%，直到和男性平等。 接著，我希望能再和 這位程序設(shè)計(jì)師合作， 寫(xiě)一個(gè)類(lèi)似的工具來(lái)測(cè)量 有多少是有色人種的訃文。 我也想在“被忽略者”計(jì)劃裡納入 有色人種男性， 而這也終于成真了， 我們有個(gè)特殊區(qū)塊 “黑人歷史月”。 在這裡我們會(huì)訴說(shuō)數(shù)十位 黑人男性和女性的故事。 同樣的，這也是很強(qiáng)大的體驗(yàn)。 這些人當(dāng)中有許多曾經(jīng)是奴隸， 或是到那個(gè)世代才脫離奴隸制度。 當(dāng)中許多人需要捏造自己的過(guò)去 才能夠在人生中前行。 他們的掙扎有著相同的模式， 一而再再而三地出現(xiàn)。

09:02

Elizabeth Jennings, for instance, had to fight for her right to ride on segregated street cars in New York City -- a hundred years before Rosa Parks did the exact same thing with buses. It was just a reminder of how far we've come, and how much more we still have left to do.

比如，伊莉莎白·詹寧斯 努力爭(zhēng)取權(quán)力， 想要在紐約市乘坐 種族隔離的電車(chē)—— 一百年后，羅莎·帕克斯做了 同樣的事，只是換成了公車(chē)。 這是在提醒我們 現(xiàn)在有了多少進(jìn)步， 以及我們還有多少該去做的。

09:19

"Overlooked" is including other marginalized people as well. Recently, we had the obit for the computer programmer Alan Turing. Believe it or not, this brilliant man never got an obituary, even though his work decoding German messages during World War II helps end the war. Instead, he died a criminal for his sexual orientation, and he was forced to endure chemical castration.

“被忽略者”還要納入 其他被邊緣化的人。 最近，我們?yōu)槌绦蛟O(shè)計(jì)師 艾倫·圖靈寫(xiě)了訃文。 信不信由你，這位才子 從來(lái)沒(méi)有過(guò)訃文， 即使他寫(xiě)的程序在二次世界大戰(zhàn)中 破解了德國(guó)的加密訊息， 協(xié)助終結(jié)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。 他反而因?yàn)樾匀∠颍?以罪犯的身分死去， 還被迫忍受化學(xué)閹割。

09:44

Great things, like this obits project, do not come easily. There were a lot of fits and starts as I worked hard to convince people it was worth getting it off the ground. There were moments when I faced great self-doubt. I wondered if I was crazy or if I was all alone, and if I should just give up. When I've seen the reaction to this project, I know I'm not at all alone. There's so many people who feel the way I do.

偉大的事，像這個(gè)訃文 計(jì)劃，都很不容易。 當(dāng)我努力試圖說(shuō)服大家 這個(gè)項(xiàng)目很值得推行時(shí)， 也遇到很多波折。 有些時(shí)候，我也會(huì)強(qiáng)烈懷疑自己。 我很納悶我是否瘋了 或是否孤立無(wú)援， 該不該放棄？ 當(dāng)我看到公眾對(duì)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的反應(yīng)， 我知道我并不孤單。 有很多人跟我有一樣的感受。

10:08

And so yeah, not many people think about obituaries. But when you do, you realize they're a testament to a human life. They're the last chance to talk about somebody's contribution on the world. They were also an example of who society deemed important. A hundred years from now, somebody could be looking into the past to see what our time was like. I'm lucky, as a journalist, to have been able to have used this form of storytelling to help shift a narrative. I was also able to get an established institution to question its own status quo. Little by little, I'm hoping I can keep doing this work, and continue refocusing society's lens so that nobody else gets overlooked.

所以，是的，很少有人 會(huì)去思考訃文。 但如果你去試著思考訃文， 會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們是人生的證明。 它們是談?wù)撘粋€(gè)人在世界上 做了什麼貢獻(xiàn)的最后機(jī)會(huì)。 它們也是說(shuō)明社會(huì)重視 什么人的一個(gè)例子。 一百年后， 會(huì)有人回顧過(guò)去， 看看我們的時(shí)代是怎樣的。 我很幸運(yùn)，身為記者， 我能夠使用這種說(shuō)故事的形式 來(lái)協(xié)助轉(zhuǎn)變說(shuō)故事的方式。 我也讓一間有信譽(yù)的機(jī)構(gòu) 能夠去質(zhì)疑它自己的現(xiàn)況。 我希望我能一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn) 繼續(xù)進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)工作， 繼續(xù)改變社會(huì)的焦點(diǎn)， 不要讓任何人被忽略。

10:53

Thank you.

謝謝。

10:55

（Applause）

（掌聲）