演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:一個(gè)建筑師對(duì)美墨邊境墻的顛覆性重構(gòu)

聽(tīng)力課堂TED音頻欄目主要包括TED演講的音頻MP3及中英雙語(yǔ)文稿，供各位英語(yǔ)愛(ài)好者學(xué)習(xí)使用。本文主要內(nèi)容為演講MP3+雙語(yǔ)文稿:一個(gè)建筑師對(duì)美墨邊境墻的顛覆性重構(gòu)，希望你會(huì)喜歡！

【演講者及介紹】Ronald Rael

建筑師羅納德-雷爾（Ronald Rael）在科羅拉多州南部荒涼的高山山谷的獨(dú)特成長(zhǎng)環(huán)境中，將建筑作為一種文化事業(yè)，進(jìn)行繪畫(huà)、建造、寫(xiě)作、3D打印和教學(xué)，并深受其影響。

【演講主題】一個(gè)建筑師對(duì)美墨邊境墻的顛覆性重構(gòu)

An architect's subversive reimagining of the US-Mexico border wall

【中英文字幕】

翻譯者Bruce Sung 校對(duì)者Keying Chen

00:13

Isn't it fascinating how the simple act of drawing a line on the map can transform the way we see and experience the world? And how those spaces in between lines, borders, become places. They become places where language and food and music and people of different cultures rub up against each other in beautiful and sometimes violent and occasionally really ridiculous ways. And those lines drawn on a map can actually create scars in the landscape, and they can create scars in our memories.

簡(jiǎn)單地在地圖上畫(huà) 一條線，便能改變我們 體驗(yàn)和看待這個(gè)世界的方式， 這不是很有意思嗎？ 那些線、那些邊界之間的空間， 成了一個(gè)個(gè)地區(qū)。 在這些地區(qū)里，不同文化的 語(yǔ)言、食物，音樂(lè)和人， 以美麗的、時(shí)而帶暴力的， 甚至是偶爾極荒謬的方式互動(dòng)。 而畫(huà)在地圖上的線， 不僅形成景觀上的疤痕， 也能在記憶中留下瘡疤。

00:49

My interest in borders came about when I was searching for an architecture of the borderlands. And I was working on several projects along the US-Mexico border, designing buildings made out of mud taken right from the ground. And I also work on projects that you might say immigrated to this landscape. "Prada Marfa," a land-art sculpture that crosses the border between art and architecture, and it demonstrated to me that architecture could communicate ideas that are much more politically and culturally complex, that architecture could be satirical and serious at the same time and it could speak to the disparities between wealth and poverty and what's local and what's foreign.

我在找尋邊境地區(qū)建筑的時(shí)候， 開(kāi)始對(duì)邊界感到興趣。 當(dāng)時(shí)我正在美墨邊境做幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目， 設(shè)計(jì)泥土造的建筑。 我也參與了一些可以說(shuō)是 遷徙到那片土地上的項(xiàng)目。 ＂馬爾法的普拉達(dá)＂， 這個(gè)土地藝術(shù)雕塑 穿越了藝術(shù)與建筑的邊界， 它讓我明白建筑也能傳達(dá) 很復(fù)雜的政治文化理念， 而且建筑可以同時(shí)具有 諷刺性而又嚴(yán)肅， 它可以展現(xiàn)貧富差距， 也能顯現(xiàn)什么是本地、 什么是外來(lái)的。

01:31

And so in my search for an architecture of the borderlands, I began to wonder, is the wall architecture? I began to document my thoughts and visits to the wall by creating a series of souvenirs to remind us of the time when we built a wall and what a crazy idea that was. I created border games,

因此，當(dāng)我找尋邊境地區(qū)建筑時(shí)， 我也開(kāi)始質(zhì)疑： 邊境墻算是建筑嗎？ 我創(chuàng)作了一系列的紀(jì)念品， 以此記錄我在邊境墻實(shí)地勘察的想法， 借以提醒大家關(guān)注墻的興建， 以及建墻這主意是多么瘋狂。 我創(chuàng)造了邊境游戲、

01:58

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

02:00

postcards, snow globes with little architectural models inside of them, and maps that told the story of resilience at the wall and sought for ways that design could bring to light the problems that the border wall was creating.

明信片、 里頭有小建筑模型的雪花球、 還有講述這堵墻的頑強(qiáng)事跡的地圖， 我尋思要如何設(shè)計(jì)才能減輕 邊墻所帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題。

02:19

So, is the wall architecture? Well, it certainly is a design structure, and it's designed at a research facility called FenceLab, where they would load vehicles with 10,000 pounds and ram them into the wall at 40 miles an hour to test the wall's impermeability. But there was also counter-research going on on the other side, the design of portable drawbridges that you could bring right up to the wall and allow vehicles to drive right over.

那么，邊界墻算是建筑嗎？ 它肯定是一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)， 由一個(gè)叫＂FenceLab＂ 的研究單位設(shè)計(jì)， 在那兒，他們開(kāi)載重10,000 磅的車， 以 40 英里時(shí)速撞墻 以此來(lái)測(cè)試墻的抗穿透性。 但另一邊也有人做對(duì)應(yīng)的研究， 設(shè)計(jì)便攜式吊橋， 你可以把它帶到墻邊架起， 從墻上開(kāi)車過(guò)去。

02:45

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

02:47

And like with all research projects, there are successes and there are failures.

如同所有的研究項(xiàng)目，有的成功 有的失敗。

02:51

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

02:53

But it's these medieval reactions to the wall -- drawbridges, for example -- that are because the wall itself is an arcane, medieval form of architecture. It's an overly simplistic response to a complex set of issues. And a number of medieval technologies have sprung up along the wall: catapults that launch bales of marijuana over the wall

但這些中世紀(jì)的方法— — 例如吊橋— — 是因?yàn)閴Ρ旧砭褪且环N 神秘的中世紀(jì)建筑形式。 這是對(duì)于一系列復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題 所做出過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單的回應(yīng)。 還有另一些中世紀(jì)的技術(shù) 沿著墻壁如雨后春筍般涌現(xiàn)： 例如用投射機(jī)將 整袋大麻拋過(guò)圍墻，

03:17

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

03:18

or cannons that shoot packets of cocaine and heroin over the wall. Now during medieval times, diseased, dead bodies were sometimes catapulted over walls as an early form of biological warfare, and it's speculated that today, humans are being propelled over the wall as a form of immigration. A ridiculous idea. But the only person ever known to be documented to have launched over the wall from Mexico to the United States was in fact a US citizen, who was given permission to human-cannonball over the wall, 200 feet, so long as he carried his passport in hand

或用大炮將可卡因 和海洛因包裹射過(guò)去。 在中世紀(jì)時(shí)期， 有時(shí)會(huì)將病死的尸體投射過(guò)城墻， 這是生物戰(zhàn)的早期形式； 時(shí)至今日也有傳言， 說(shuō)有人以被拋過(guò)墻的方式來(lái)移民。 真是荒謬的主意。 但僅有一人被從墨西哥拋進(jìn)美國(guó) 且正式記錄在案的 其實(shí)是美國(guó)公民， 并且他事先申請(qǐng)了人肉炮彈表演的許可， 飛越 200 英呎， 條件是他必須帶著護(hù)照。

04:01

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

04:03

and he landed safely in a net on the other side. And my thoughts are inspired by a quote by the architect Hassan Fathy, who said, "Architects do not design walls, but the spaces between them." So while I do not think that architects should be designing walls, I do think it's important and urgent that they should be paying attention to those spaces in between. They should be designing for the places and the people, the landscapes that the wall endangers.

他成功降落在另一邊的網(wǎng)子上。 建筑師哈桑·法西的話對(duì)我很有啟發(fā)。 他說(shuō)： ＂建筑師不設(shè)計(jì)墻壁， 設(shè)計(jì)的是墻壁之間的空間。＂ 因此我不認(rèn)為建筑師 應(yīng)該去設(shè)計(jì)墻壁， 我認(rèn)為更重要、更急迫的是 他們?cè)撝塾趬εc墻間的空間。 他們應(yīng)該為那些 受了那堵墻危害的地方、 人、和風(fēng)景來(lái)做設(shè)計(jì)。

04:35

Now, people are already rising to this occasion, and while the purpose of the wall is to keep people apart and away, it's actually bringing people together in some really remarkable ways, holding social events like binational yoga classes along the border, to bring people together across the divide.

現(xiàn)在，人們已經(jīng)站出來(lái)。 雖然墻的目的是將人分開(kāi)， 它反而以非凡的方式， 將人凝聚在一起。 他們舉辦社交活動(dòng)，像是 沿著邊界的跨國(guó)瑜伽課， 將被分隔的人帶到了一起。

04:57

And have you ever heard of "wall y ball"?

你們有沒(méi)有聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)＂墻球＂？

05:00

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

05:01

It's a borderland version of volleyball, and it's been played since 1979

這是一個(gè)邊境版的排球， 早自 1979 年便有人……

05:07

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

05:09

along the US-Mexico border to celebrate binational heritage. And it raises some interesting questions, right? Is such a game even legal? Does hitting a ball back and forth over the wall constitute illegal trade?

沿著美墨邊境玩， 來(lái)慶祝兩國(guó)的傳承。 這引發(fā)了一些有趣的問(wèn)題，對(duì)嗎？ 這樣的游戲究竟合不合法？ 在墻頭上將球打過(guò)來(lái)打過(guò)去， 是否構(gòu)成非法貿(mào)易？

05:22

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

05:24

The beauty of volleyball is that it transforms the wall into nothing more than a line in the sand negotiated by the minds and bodies and spirits of players on both sides. And I think it's exactly these kinds of two-sided negotiations that are needed to bring down walls that divide.

排球的美，在于它將墻 化為沙子上的一條線， 由雙方球員的思想、 身體和精神協(xié)商而來(lái)。 而且我認(rèn)為要撤掉這堵分裂的墻， 所需要的正是這種雙邊協(xié)商。

05:45

Now, throwing the ball over the wall is one thing, but throwing rocks over the wall has caused damage to Border Patrol vehicles and have injured Border Patrol agents, and the response from the US side has been drastic. Border Patrol agents have fired through the wall, killing people throwing rocks on the Mexican side. And another response by Border Patrol agents is to erect baseball backstops to protect themselves and their vehicles. And these backstops became a permanent feature in the construction of new walls. And I began to wonder if, like volleyball, maybe baseball should be a permanent feature at the border, and walls could start opening up, allowing communities to come across and play, and if they hit a home run, maybe a Border Patrol agent would pick up the ball and throw it back over to the other side.

扔球過(guò)去是一回事， 把石頭扔過(guò)圍墻又是另一回事。 石頭砸壞了邊境巡邏車， 傷到了邊巡人員， 也引發(fā)了美方的激烈反應(yīng)。 邊巡人員朝圍墻另一邊開(kāi)了槍， 打死了墨西哥方面扔石頭的人。 邊巡人員的另一種回應(yīng)， 是豎立起棒球場(chǎng)那種擋球網(wǎng) 來(lái)保護(hù)人員和車輛。 在建造新墻的時(shí)候， 擋球網(wǎng)已經(jīng)成了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)施。 我開(kāi)始想：和排球一樣， 也許棒球應(yīng)該是邊境的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)施， 邊墻可以開(kāi)始開(kāi)放， 讓附近社區(qū)一起來(lái)玩。 如果打了個(gè)全壘打， 或許邊巡人員會(huì)幫忙撿起球， 扔回墻的另一邊。

06:40

A Border Patrol agent buys a raspado, a frozen treat, from a vendor just a couple feet away, food and money is exchanged through the wall, an entirely normal event made illegal by that line drawn on a map and a couple millimeters of steel. And this scene reminded me of a saying: "If you have more than you need, you should build longer tables and not higher walls." So I created this souvenir to remember the moment that we could share food and conversation across the divide. A swing allows one to enter and swing over to the other side until gravity deports them back to their own country.

在這里邊巡人員向幾英呎外的小販 購(gòu)買墨西哥冰沙， 食物和錢(qián)穿過(guò)墻交換， 一件完全正常的事， 但被地圖上的一條線 及幾毫米厚的鋼材劃定為非法。 這一幕讓我想起了一句話： “如果你有多的， 應(yīng)該要擺更大的客桌， 而不是筑更高的墻?！?所以我做了這個(gè)紀(jì)念品， 來(lái)紀(jì)念我們可以跨越藩籬 分享食物和對(duì)話的那一刻。 這個(gè)秋千讓人進(jìn)去，蕩到另一邊， 直到重力將他遣返原居國(guó)。

07:21

The border and the border wall is thought of as a sort of political theater today, so perhaps we should invite audiences to that theater, to a binational theater where people can come together with performers, musicians. Maybe the wall is nothing more than an enormous instrument, the world's largest xylophone, and we could play down this wall with weapons of mass percussion.

現(xiàn)在的邊界和邊界墻 被當(dāng)作政治劇場(chǎng)看待， 也許我們應(yīng)該邀請(qǐng)觀眾到那個(gè)劇院， 一個(gè)兩國(guó)劇院，人們可以 和表演者、音樂(lè)家聚在一起。 也許這墻不過(guò)是一個(gè)巨大的樂(lè)器， 世界上最大的木琴，而我們 可以用大規(guī)模打擊性樂(lè)器 來(lái)打下這堵墻。

07:48

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

07:51

When I envisioned this binational library, I wanted to imagine a space where one could share books and information and knowledge across a divide, where the wall was nothing more than a bookshelf. And perhaps the best way to illustrate the mutual relationship that we have with Mexico and the United States is by imagining a teeter-totter, where the actions on one side had a direct consequence on what happens on the other side, because you see, the border itself is both a symbolic and literal fulcrum for US-Mexico relations, and building walls between neighbors severs those relationships.

當(dāng)我構(gòu)想這座兩國(guó)圖書(shū)館， 我想像一個(gè)人們可以共享 書(shū)籍、信息和知識(shí)， 跨越鴻溝的地方， 那里面墻只不過(guò)是個(gè)書(shū)架。 也許墨西哥和美國(guó)間的相互關(guān)系 最好的說(shuō)明方式 是想像一個(gè)蹺蹺板： 一方的行動(dòng)， 會(huì)直接影響到另一方。 因?yàn)?，你看，邊界本?是一個(gè)美墨關(guān)系上的支點(diǎn)， 而在鄰居之間建墻 就切斷了那些關(guān)系。

08:30

You probably remember this quote, "Good fences make good neighbors." It's often thought of as the moral of Robert Frost's poem "Mending Wall." But the poem is really about questioning the need for building walls at all. It's really a poem about mending human relationships. My favorite line is the first one: "Something there is that doesn't love a wall." Because if there's one thing that's clear to me -- there are not two sides defined by a wall. This is one landscape, divided. On one side, it might look like this. A man is mowing his lawn while the wall is looming in his backyard.

你可能還記得這句話： ＂有好圍墻，才有好鄰居。＂ 它常被認(rèn)為是羅伯特·弗羅斯特的 詩(shī)《修補(bǔ)墻》的寓意。 但這首詩(shī)其實(shí)是在 質(zhì)疑需不需要建墻。 事實(shí)上它是一首關(guān)于 修補(bǔ)人際關(guān)系的詩(shī)。 我最喜歡第一句： ＂有個(gè)東西不愛(ài)墻。＂ 因?yàn)槲液芮宄?不存在被墻界定出的不同兩面。 它不過(guò)是被墻割裂的同一景觀。 在一邊，它可能看起來(lái)像這樣： 一個(gè)人在割草，有片墻 緊傍著他的后院。

09:07

And on the other side, it might look like this. The wall is the fourth wall of someone's house. But the reality is that the wall is cutting through people's lives. It is cutting through our private property, our public lands, our Native American lands, our cities, a university, our neighborhoods.

在另一邊，它可能 看起來(lái)像這樣： 那片墻是某人房子 四面墻壁中的一面。 但現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是墻正在 切割人們的生活。 它切過(guò)我們的私人財(cái)產(chǎn)、 我們的公共土地、 我們美洲原住民的土地、 我們的城市、 一所大學(xué)、 我們的社區(qū)。

09:29

And I couldn't help but wonder what it would be like if the wall cut through a house. Remember those disparities between wealth and poverty? On the right is the average size of a house in El Paso, Texas, and on the left is the average size of a house in Juarez. And here, the wall cuts directly through the kitchen table. And here, the wall cuts through the bed in the bedroom. Because I wanted to communicate how the wall is not only dividing places, it's dividing people, it's dividing families. And the unfortunate politics of the wall is today, it is dividing children from their parents.

我很想知道 墻穿過(guò)房子是什怎樣的情景？ 還記得那些貧富的差距嗎？ 右邊是美國(guó)德州 埃爾帕索的房子平均大小， 而左邊是墨西哥 華雷斯的房子平均尺寸。 在這里，墻壁直接切過(guò)廚房的桌子。 在這里，墻壁穿過(guò)臥室里的床。 因?yàn)槲蚁胍獋鬟_(dá)的是： 墻不僅僅分隔了地域， 它也分隔了人，分隔了家庭。 今日不幸的邊界墻政治 讓小孩與父母分離。

10:05

You might be familiar with this well-known traffic sign. It was designed by graphic designer John Hood, a Native American war veteran working for the California Department of Transportation. And he was tasked with creating a sign to warn motorists of immigrants who were stranded alongside the highway and who might attempt to run across the road. Hood related the plight of the immigrant today to that of the Navajo during the Long Walk. And this is really a brilliant piece of design activism. And he was very careful in thinking about using a little girl with pigtails, for example, because he thought that's who motorists might empathize with the most, and he used the silhouette of the civil rights leader Cesar Chavez to create the head of the father.

你可能熟悉這個(gè)有名的交通標(biāo)志。 由平面設(shè)計(jì)師約翰·胡德設(shè)計(jì)， 他是美洲原住民、退伍軍人， 在加州交通運(yùn)輸部工作。 他被指派設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè) 標(biāo)志，用以提醒駕駛?cè)?在高速公路邊的移民者 可能冒險(xiǎn)橫越馬路。 今天的移民的困境， 讓胡德聯(lián)想到 納瓦霍印第安人 被迫遷徙的血淚史。 這真是一件行動(dòng)主義 的設(shè)計(jì)精彩作品。 他非常細(xì)心地思考， 例如采用扎馬尾辮的小女孩， 因?yàn)槟强赡芨菀?讓駕駛?cè)水a(chǎn)生同情； 他也采用了民權(quán)領(lǐng)袖 西薩·查維斯的剪影 作為那個(gè)父親的頭像。

10:54

I wanted to build upon the brilliance of this sign to call attention to the problem of child separation at the border, and I made one very simple move. I turned the families to face each other. And in the last few weeks, I've had the opportunity to bring that sign back to the highway to tell a story, the story of the relationships that we should be mending and a reminder that we should be designing a reunited states and not a divided states.

我想繼續(xù)延伸這個(gè)標(biāo)志的光彩， 來(lái)喚起大家注意在邊境 兒童與父母被分離這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 我做了一個(gè)非常簡(jiǎn)單的改動(dòng)， 讓這家人面對(duì)面。 過(guò)去幾周里， 我把那個(gè)標(biāo)志帶回高速公路 去講故事， 講我們應(yīng)該修補(bǔ)關(guān)系的故事， 并提醒大家我們應(yīng)該去設(shè)計(jì) 一個(gè)團(tuán)結(jié)的國(guó)家， 而不是分裂的國(guó)家。

11:22

Thank you.

謝謝。

11:23

(Applause)

（掌聲）