一、定語從句的概念
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
二、定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which, who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又作定語從句的重要成分。
三、定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去,非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間用逗號分開,起補(bǔ)充說明作用,如省去,句子意思仍完整。
四、關(guān)系代詞的用法
1.that既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語或賓語,作主語時不可省略,作賓語可省略。例:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. (that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. (that作賓語)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主語或賓語,作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. (作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. (作賓語)
3.who, whom用于指人,who用作主語,不可省略。whom用作賓語,在口語中,有時可用who代替whom,可省略。例:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. (作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? (作賓語)
[溫馨提示]
(1)當(dāng)定語從句中含有介詞,介詞放在句末時,who, that, which可省略,但介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時,只能用“介詞+which/whom”的結(jié)構(gòu)。例:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
(2)含有介詞的固定動詞詞組中,介詞不可前置,只能放在原來的位置上。例:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
(3)that作介詞的賓語時,介詞不能放它的前面,只能放在從句中動詞的后面。例:
The city that she lives in is very far away.
(4)關(guān)系詞只能用that的情況:
①先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾,或本身是序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時,只能用that,而不用which。例:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
②被修飾的先行詞是all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代詞時,只能用that,而不用which。例:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
③先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等詞修飾時,只能用that,而不用which。例:
This is the same bike that I lost.
④先行詞里同時含有人或物時,只能用that,而不用which。例:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
⑤以who或which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句,為避免重復(fù),只能用that。例:
Who is the girl that is crying?
⑥主句是there be結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語的定語從句用that,而不用which。例:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
(5)只能用which,而不用that的情況:
①先行詞為that, those時,用which,而不用that。例:
What's that which is under the desk?
②關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時,一般用which,而不用that。例:
This is the room in which he lives.
③引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,用which,而不用that。例:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
五、關(guān)系副詞的用法
1.when指時間,其先行詞表示時間,在句中作時間狀語。例:
This was the time when he arrived.
2.where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,在句中作地點狀語。例:
This is place where he works.
3.why指原因,其先行詞是原因,作原因狀語。例:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
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