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雙語·哈代短篇小說選 西巡路上 六

所屬教程:譯林版·一個(gè)想象力豐富的女人:哈代短篇小說選

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2022年06月11日

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On the Western Circuit VI

Soon Raye wrote about the wedding. Having decided to make the best of what he feared was a piece of romantic folly, he had acquired more zest for the grand experiment. He wished the ceremony to be in London, for greater privacy. Edith Harnham would have preferred it at Melchester; Anna was passive. His reasoning prevailed, and Mrs. Harnham threw herself with mournful zeal into the preparations for Anna's departure. In a last desperate feeling that she must at every hazard be in at the death of her dream, and see once again the man who by a species of telepathy had exercised such an influence on her, she offered to go up with Anna and be with her through the ceremony—“to see the end of her,” as her mistress put it with forced gaiety; an offer which the girl gratefully accepted; for she had no other friend capable of playing the part of companion and witness, in the presence of a gentlemanly bridegroom, in such a way as not to hasten an opinion that he had made an irremediable social blunder.

It was a muddy morning in March when Raye alighted from a fourwheel cab at the door of a registry-office in the S. W. district of London, and carefully handed down Anna and her companion Mrs. Harnham. Anna looked attractive in the somewhat fashionable clothes which Mrs. Harnham had helped her to buy, though not quite so attractive as, an innocent child, she had appeared in her country gown on the back of the wooden horse at Melchester Fair.

Mrs. Harnham had come up this morning by an early train, and a young man—a friend of Raye's—having met them at the door, all four entered the registry-office together. Till an hour before this time Raye had never known the wine-merchant's wife, except at that first casual encounter, and in the flutter of the performance before them he had little opportunity for more than a brief acquaintance. The contract of marriage at a registry is soon got through; but somehow, during its progress, Raye discovered a strange and secret gravitation between himself and Anna's friend.

The formalities of the wedding—or rather ratification of a previous union—being concluded, the four went in one cab to Raye's lodgings, newly taken in a new suburb in preference to a house, the rent of which he could ill afford just then. Here Anna cut the little cake which Raye had bought at a pastrycook's on his way home from Lincoln's Inn the night before. But she did not do much besides. Raye's friend was obliged to depart almost immediately, and when he had left the only ones virtually present were Edith and Raye who exchanged ideas with much animation. The conversation was indeed theirs only, Anna being as a domestic animal who humbly heard but understood not. Raye seemed startled in awakening to this fact, and began to feel dissatisfied with her inadequacy.

At last, more disappointed than he cared to own, he said, “Mrs. Harnham, my darling is so flurried that she doesn't know what she is doing or saying. I see that after this event a little quietude will be necessary before she gives tongue to that tender philosophy which she used to treat me to in her letters.”

They had planned to start early that afternoon for Knollsea, to spend the few opening days of their married life there, and as the hour for departure was drawing near Raye asked his wife if she would go to the writing-desk in the next room and scribble a little note to his sister, who had been unable to attend through indisposition, informing her that the ceremony was over, thanking her for her little present, and hoping to know her well now that she was the writer's sister as well as Charles's.

“Say it in the pretty poetical way you know so well how to adopt,” he added, “for I want you particularly to win her, and both of you to be dear friends.”

Anna looked uneasy, but departed to her task, Raye remaining to talk to their guest. Anna was a long while absent, and her husband suddenly rose and went to her.

He found her still bending over the writing-table, with tears brimming up in her eyes; and he looked down upon the sheet of notepaper with some interest, to discover with what tact she had expressed her good-will in the delicate circumstances. To his surprise she had progressed but a few lines, in the characters and spelling of a child of eight, and with the ideas of a goose.

“Anna,” he said, staring; “What's this?”

“It only means—that I can't do it any better!” she answered, through her tears.

“Eh? Nonsense!”

“I can't!” she insisted, with miserable, sobbing hardihood. “I—I—didn't write those letters, Charles! I only told her what to write! And not always that! But I am learning, O so fast, my dear, dear husband! And you'll forgive me, won't you, for not telling you before?” She slid to her knees, abjectly clasped his waist and laid her face against him.

He stood a few moments, raised her, abruptly turned, and shut the door upon her, rejoining Edith in the drawing-room. She saw that something untoward had been discovered, and their eyes remained fixed on each other.

“Do I guess rightly?” he asked, with wan quietude. “You were her scribe through all this?”

“It was necessary,” said Edith.

“Did she dictate every word you ever wrote to me?”

“Not every word.”

“In fact, very little?”

“Very little.”

“You wrote a great part of those pages every week from your own conceptions, though in her name!”

“Yes.”

“Perhaps you wrote many of the letters when you were alone, without communication with her?”

“I did.”

He turned to the bookcase, and leant with his hand over his face; and Edith, seeing his distress, became white as a sheet.

“You have deceived me—ruined me!” he murmured.

“O, don't say it!” she cried in her anguish, jumping up and putting her hand on his shoulder. “I can't bear that!”

“Delighting me deceptively! Why did you do it—why did you!”

“I began doing it in kindness to her! How could I do otherwise than try to save such a simple girl from misery? But I admit that I continued it for pleasure to myself.”

Raye looked up. “Why did it give you pleasure?” he asked.

“I must not tell,” said she.

He continued to regard her, and saw that her lips suddenly began to quiver under his scrutiny, and her eyes to fill and droop. She started aside, and said that she must go to the station to catch the return train: could a cab be called immediately?

But Raye went up to her, and took her unresisting hand. “Well, to think of such a thing as this!” he said. “Why, you and I are friends—lovers—devoted lovers—by correspondence!”

“Yes; I suppose.”

“More.”

“More?”

“Plainly more. It is no use blinking that. Legally I have married her—God help us both!—in soul and spirit I have married you, and no other woman in the world!”

“Hush!”

“But I will not hush! Why should you try to disguise the full truth, when you have already owned half of it? Yes, it is between you and me that the bond is—not between me and her! Now I'll say no more. But, O my cruel one, I think I have one claim upon you!”

She did not say what, and he drew her towards him, and bent over her. “If it was all pure invention in those letters,” he said emphatically, “give me your cheek only. If you meant what you said, let it be lips. It is for the first and last time, remember!”

She put up her mouth, and he kissed her long. “You forgive me?” she said, crying.

“Yes.”

“But you are ruined!”

“What matter!” he said, shrugging his shoulders. “It serves me right!”

She withdrew, wiped her eyes, entered and bade good-bye to Anna, who had not expected her to go so soon, and was still wrestling with the letter. Raye followed Edith downstairs, and in three minutes she was in a hansom driving to the Waterloo station.

He went back to his wife. “Never mind the letter, Anna, to-day,” he said gently. “Put on your things. We, too, must be off shortly.”

The simple girl, upheld by the sense that she was indeed married, showed her delight at finding that he was as kind as ever after the disclosure. She did not know that before his eyes he beheld as it were a galley, in which he, the fastidious urban, was chained to work for the remainder of his life, with her, the unlettered peasant, chained to his side.

Edith travelled back to Melchester that day with a face that showed the very stupor of grief; her lips still tingling from the desperate pressure of his kiss. The end of her impassioned dream had come. When at dusk she reached the Melchester station her husband was there to meet her, but in his perfunctoriness and her preoccupation they did not see each other, and she went out of the station alone.

She walked mechanically homewards without calling a fly. Entering, she could not bear the silence of the house, and went up in the dark to where Anna had slept, where she remained thinking awhile. She then returned to the drawing-room, and not knowing what she did, crouched down upon the floor.

“I have ruined him!” she kept repeating. “I have ruined him; because I would not deal treacherously towards her!”

In the course of half an hour a figure opened the door of the apartment.

“Ah—who's that?” she said, starting up, for it was dark.

“Your husband—who should it be?” said the worthy merchant.

“Ah—my husband!—I forgot I had a husband!” she whispered to herself.

“I missed you at the station,” he continued. “Did you see Anna safely tied up? I hope so, for 'twas time.”

“Yes—Anna is married.”

Simultaneously with Edith's journey home Anna and her husband were sitting at the opposite windows of a second-class carriage which sped along to Knollsea. In his hand was a pocket-book full of creased sheets closely written over. Unfolding them one after another he read them in silence, and sighed.

“What are you doing, dear Charles?” she said timidly from the other window, and drew nearer to him as if he were a god.

“Reading over all those sweet letters to me signed ‘Anna,’” he replied with dreary resignation.

Autumn 1891

西巡路上 六

很快雷伊就寫信來談到了婚禮的事。原本他以為這不過是一時(shí)風(fēng)流犯下的錯(cuò)誤;既然現(xiàn)在決定要將錯(cuò)就錯(cuò)、盡力彌補(bǔ),他便對(duì)這重要的實(shí)驗(yàn)投入了許多的熱情。為了更好地保密,他希望能在倫敦舉行儀式;而伊迪絲·哈漢姆更希望他們?cè)诿窢柷兴固嘏e行;安娜則一副被動(dòng)的樣子,等著別人來安排。他的理由占了上風(fēng),哈漢姆太太只得一面熱心一面悲傷地開始準(zhǔn)備安娜的行裝。絕望之下,她覺得無論冒多大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也要親眼見證自己的夢(mèng)想破滅,再次見到那個(gè)與她心靈感應(yīng)讓她情根深種的男子;她于是主動(dòng)提出和安娜一起去倫敦,一直陪她到儀式完成——女主人強(qiáng)裝笑顏說是要去“看看她的圓滿結(jié)局”,姑娘滿懷感激地接受了這提議;因?yàn)樗仓挥羞@一位朋友可以作為陪護(hù)人和證婚人,在一位紳士新郎面前不會(huì)露怯,不至于讓他覺得社會(huì)地位相差太懸殊,后悔自己犯下了不可彌補(bǔ)的大錯(cuò)。

三月一個(gè)灰暗的上午,倫敦西南區(qū)一個(gè)民事登記處門前。雷伊從一輛四輪出租馬車上下來,再小心翼翼地把安娜和她的陪護(hù)人哈漢姆太太扶下車。[9]安娜穿著哈漢姆太太幫她挑的入時(shí)的衣服,看起來非常可愛,雖然不如當(dāng)初在梅爾切斯特的集市上那么迷人——那時(shí)她還是個(gè)天真無邪的小姑娘,穿著鄉(xiāng)下姑娘的長裙,騎在木馬上。

哈漢姆太太是今早搭乘早班列車過來的。一個(gè)年輕人——雷伊的一位朋友——在門口跟他們碰頭,四個(gè)人一起進(jìn)了登記處。不算第一次不經(jīng)意碰面的話,雷伊是在一個(gè)小時(shí)前才認(rèn)識(shí)這位紅酒商的妻子的。不過因?yàn)轳R上要舉行儀式了,所以除了開始的寒暄之外他也沒機(jī)會(huì)跟她多說話。在登記處,婚姻的契約很快便結(jié)成了;然而在這期間,雷伊卻發(fā)覺自己和安娜的朋友之間似乎有一種奇特又隱秘的相互引力。

結(jié)婚的儀式——或者說是對(duì)之前結(jié)合的正式認(rèn)可——完成了,四人一起乘一輛出租馬車來到了雷伊最近在一個(gè)新市郊租的公寓;他沒有租下一整棟房子,因?yàn)槟壳八€付不起租金。安娜切了一個(gè)小蛋糕——那是雷伊在頭天晚上離開林肯會(huì)館回家路過糕點(diǎn)鋪時(shí)買的——除此之外她沒有再做什么。雷伊的朋友有事得馬上離開,他走后剩下的三人里實(shí)際在交談的就只有伊迪絲和雷伊,兩人談得很是熱烈。這談話確確實(shí)實(shí)只在他們之間進(jìn)行——安娜就像是家養(yǎng)的寵物一般,只有謙卑聆聽的份,卻完全不解其意。雷伊意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)時(shí)很是吃驚,開始對(duì)她的這一缺陷感到不滿。

到最后,他實(shí)在是大失所望,但又不愿承認(rèn),于是說:“哈漢姆太太,我的寶貝可能是因?yàn)樘o張了,所以才這么不知所措。我看等這件事結(jié)束后,她得需要平靜一下才能緩過來,再說出她之前在信里常常讓我贊賞的那些溫柔又富于哲思的話來?!?/p>

他們之前已計(jì)劃好當(dāng)天下午就出發(fā)去諾爾西,在那里度過新婚的頭幾天;隨著出發(fā)時(shí)間臨近,雷伊讓他的妻子去隔壁房間的寫字臺(tái)那兒給他姐姐寫張便條——她因身染微恙未能前來參加婚禮——告知她儀式已經(jīng)結(jié)束,感謝她送的小禮物,并希望以后能與她成為閨蜜,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在她不僅是查爾斯的姐姐,也是寫信者的姐姐了。

“用你最拿手的美妙又詩意的方式來表達(dá)這個(gè)意思,”查爾斯補(bǔ)充說,“因?yàn)槲姨貏e希望你能贏得她的歡心,和她成為親密的朋友?!?/p>

安娜看起來很不安,但還是起身去了,雷伊繼續(xù)留下來跟客人交談。過了很長一段時(shí)間還不見她回來,她的丈夫突然起身,過去找她。

他發(fā)現(xiàn)她還趴在書桌上寫信,眼里滿是淚水;他頗感興趣地低頭看看那張信紙,想看她在這種微妙情形下將如何得體地表達(dá)自己的友善之情。他大吃一驚地發(fā)現(xiàn)她只寫了寥寥幾行,字跡和拼寫就像出自八歲孩童之手,而思想則更是愚笨不堪。

“安娜,”他緊緊盯著信紙,問,“這是怎么回事?”

“這是說明——說明我只能寫成這樣了!”她回答,眼淚“嘩”地下來了。

“唉?一派胡言!”

“我做不到!”她一邊哀哀抽泣,一邊鼓足勇氣堅(jiān)持地說,“我——我——那些信不是我寫的,查爾斯!我只是告訴她該寫些什么!而且也不是每次都是!但是我正在學(xué)習(xí),噢,學(xué)得非???,我親愛的、親愛的丈夫!你會(huì)原諒我的,對(duì)不對(duì),原諒我之前沒有告訴你?”她徐徐跪地,悲凄地抱住他的腰,把臉貼著他。

他呆立了片刻,把她扶起來,猛地一轉(zhuǎn)身,“啪”地關(guān)上門,走回起居室伊迪絲那里。伊迪絲覺察出也許事情已經(jīng)敗露,兩人相互凝視了片刻。

“我猜得對(duì)嗎?”他開口了,面色蒼白,語氣沉著,“是你一直在代她寫信?”

“這在當(dāng)時(shí)很有必要?!币恋辖z說。

“她是一個(gè)字一個(gè)字口述讓你寫下來嗎?”

“不是每一個(gè)字?!?/p>

“或者說,其實(shí)很少?”

“很少。”

“你每周寫的那些信大部分都是你自己的想法,雖然署的是她的名!”

“是的。”

“也許有好些信都是你獨(dú)處時(shí)寫的,根本沒有和她商量?”

“確實(shí)?!?/p>

他轉(zhuǎn)身走到書柜前,靠在上面,一只手捂住了臉;伊迪絲看到他這樣痛苦,臉頓時(shí)“唰”地一下白得像紙。

“你欺騙了我——你毀了我!”他喃喃地說。

“啊,請(qǐng)別這樣說!”她悲痛地喊,一下子跳了起來,手搭到他肩上,“你這樣說我會(huì)受不了的!”

“那些信讓我那么歡喜,原來卻是假的!你為什么要這樣做——為什么!”

“剛開始我完全是為了幫她!為了盡力使這個(gè)單純的姑娘不要遭受不幸,我只能這樣做!但是我承認(rèn)我后來繼續(xù)寫是為了我自己快樂?!?/p>

雷伊抬起頭,問:“為什么它會(huì)讓你快樂?”

“這個(gè)我不能說?!彼卮?。

他繼續(xù)望著她,看到她的嘴唇在他的注視下突然開始顫抖,看到她雙眼慢慢浮現(xiàn)出淚水,然后垂下眼簾。她突然驚慌地往旁邊走去,說她要去車站趕回家的火車了,能不能請(qǐng)他馬上叫一輛出租馬車。

但是雷伊走上前去,握住了她的手,她沒有抵抗?!鞍?,想想竟然有這樣的事!”他說,“其實(shí),你和我是朋友——戀人——深愛對(duì)方的戀人——在通信中!”

“我想,是的?!?/p>

“不僅如此。”

“不僅如此?”

“當(dāng)然不僅如此。你想要對(duì)此視而不見也沒用。在法律上我跟她結(jié)婚了——上帝保佑我和她吧!——但在靈魂和精神上我娶的是你,不是這個(gè)世界上任何其他女人!”

“別說了!”

“我一定要說!你何必試圖掩蓋全部的真相,既然你已經(jīng)承認(rèn)了一半。是的,這是你和我之間的結(jié)合——不是我和她的!現(xiàn)在我不想再多說什么了。但是,我殘忍的愛人啊,我想我有權(quán)對(duì)你提一個(gè)要求!”

她沒問是什么,于是他把她摟到胸前,俯看著她。“如果那些信里寫的都只是做戲,”他語氣堅(jiān)定地說,“那么就只把你的臉給我。如果都是出自你的真心,就把嘴唇給我。請(qǐng)記住,這是第一次,也是最后一次!”

她把嘴迎了上去,他久久地吻她。“你能原諒我嗎?”她哭著問。

“是的?!?/p>

“可是你卻被毀了!”

“那又怎樣呢!”他聳了聳肩說,“是我自己活該!”

她退開,擦干眼淚,進(jìn)房間去跟安娜告別。安娜沒料到她這么快就要走,還在跟那封信做斗爭。雷伊跟著伊迪絲下了樓,三分鐘后她坐上一輛駛向滑鐵盧車站的雙輪輕便馬車。

他回到妻子身邊,“安娜,今天先別管信的事了,”他溫和地說,“穿上外套吧。我們也得馬上出發(fā)了。”

這個(gè)頭腦簡單的姑娘因?yàn)樽约赫娴慕Y(jié)婚了而備受鼓舞,看到事情敗露后他對(duì)她依然和顏悅色,感到十分開心。她并不知道此刻在他眼里看到的是一艘奴隸的勞役大船,而他,這個(gè)挑剔的城里人,被鎖在了船上不得不勞作至死,跟他鎖在一起的則是她這個(gè)大字不識(shí)的村婦。

在回梅爾切斯特的路上,伊迪絲臉上還帶著悲傷到麻木的表情,嘴唇還因?yàn)樗墙^望的熱吻而隱隱作痛。她這場(chǎng)激情四射的幻夢(mèng)終于到了盡頭。黃昏時(shí)分她到達(dá)了梅爾切斯特車站,原定她丈夫會(huì)去接她。但一個(gè)心不在焉,一個(gè)心事重重,兩人都沒看見對(duì)方,她于是一個(gè)人走出了車站。

她沒有叫出租馬車,機(jī)械地一路走回了家。進(jìn)了門后,她無法忍受房子里的死氣沉沉,便在黑暗中上樓走進(jìn)安娜原來的寢室,在那里待了一會(huì)兒,默默沉思。然后她轉(zhuǎn)身回到起居室,不知不覺便伏下身趴在了地板上。

“我毀了他!”她反復(fù)地說,“我毀了他,因?yàn)槲也荒茏龀霰撑阉氖?!?/p>

過了半小時(shí),有人打開了房門。

“啊——是誰?”她坐起來驚問,因?yàn)榉块g里一片黑暗。

“你的丈夫——不然還有誰?”那位杰出的商人回答。

“啊——我的丈夫——我都忘了我還有個(gè)丈夫!”她低聲對(duì)自己說。

“我在車站沒找到你,”他繼續(xù)說,“你看到了安娜順利地嫁出去了吧?希望一切順利,因?yàn)樗涂斓綍r(shí)候了?!?/p>

“是的——安娜已經(jīng)結(jié)婚了?!?/p>

在伊迪絲乘車回家的同時(shí),安娜和她的丈夫正坐在向諾爾西飛馳的火車二等車廂相對(duì)的兩扇車窗旁。他手里拿著一個(gè)皮夾子,里面全是有折痕的寫得密密麻麻的紙。他把它們一張一張展開,一邊默默讀著,一邊低聲嘆息。

“親愛的查爾斯,你在做什么呀?”她在對(duì)面窗邊怯怯地問,然后慢慢靠近他,宛如朝圣一般。

“在看那些署名為‘安娜’的美妙來信?!彼粲舻鼗卮?,帶著認(rèn)命的神情。

一八九一年秋

* * *

[1]梅爾切斯特(Melchester)是哈代杜撰的地名,實(shí)際對(duì)應(yīng)的是英格蘭南部城市索爾茲伯里。索爾茲伯里大教堂是英國著名的天主教教堂,于十三世紀(jì)早期建成,主體工程用時(shí)三十八年,因此整個(gè)教堂建筑風(fēng)格非常統(tǒng)一,為結(jié)構(gòu)厚重的哥特式。大教堂擁有英國最高的塔樓,教堂的圍庭(The Close)是英格蘭最大的大教堂圍庭,位于教堂南側(cè),是一個(gè)四方形的回廊,由連續(xù)的十字拱加六分拱的拱門組成,中間則是大片的草坪。

[2]此處典故來自中世紀(jì)意大利詩人但丁的《神曲》。但丁在《神曲》里描繪了地獄的景象,將地獄分為九層,罪行分別從輕到重。第八層地獄里受苦的靈魂生前的罪行是“欺騙”——這與本文的三位主人公有關(guān),因此哈代提及第八層可能是有意為之。

[3]此處大平原對(duì)應(yīng)的是索爾茲伯里平原(Salisbury Plain),位于英格蘭南部的西南角,屬于白堊高原地形,占地三百平方英里(七百八十平方公里),主要在威爾特郡境內(nèi),有一小部分位于伯克郡和漢普郡。

[4]從十三世紀(jì)開始,任何要從事出庭律師職業(yè)的人,都需要在倫敦眾多法律學(xué)會(huì)的某一家會(huì)館中接受學(xué)徒式教育,并獲得會(huì)館授予的律師執(zhí)業(yè)許可。因此,律師會(huì)館就是培養(yǎng)法律專業(yè)人才的大學(xué)。其中最著名的有四所,稱為倫敦的四大律師會(huì)館,包括中殿會(huì)館(The Middle Temple)、內(nèi)殿會(huì)館(The Inner Temple)、林肯會(huì)館(Lincoln's Inn)和格雷會(huì)館(Gray's Inn)。這四大會(huì)館已有超過六百年的歷史,是倫敦古老的法律行會(huì)的代表。

[5]巡回法庭(Assize)起源于中世紀(jì),是英國司法組織的重要組成部分。全英格蘭被分為六個(gè)巡回區(qū)(Circuit),倫敦法庭的法官定期到各個(gè)巡回區(qū)的主要市鎮(zhèn)主持巡回法庭,每年舉行一到兩次審判,有陪審團(tuán)參與判案。西部巡回區(qū)(Western Circuit)于一三一〇年形成,包括漢普郡、威爾特郡、薩默塞特郡、多塞特郡(即哈代故鄉(xiāng)所在郡)、德文郡和康沃爾郡。巡回法庭受理的案件類型主要是各類法令與普通法規(guī)定的重罪,但也受理輕罪,包括大量盜竊案件,同時(shí)也受理民事訴訟。

[6]在一八四〇年之前,寄郵件的費(fèi)用非常昂貴,在倫敦市以內(nèi)是按頁收費(fèi),一頁紙兩到三個(gè)便士;倫敦以外的地區(qū)則按重量和距離收費(fèi),由收信人付費(fèi)。為節(jié)約紙張,人們寫信的時(shí)候先從左到右寫滿一頁紙,再把紙轉(zhuǎn)九十度再從左到右寫;正看的話相當(dāng)于從底部往上又寫了一頁穿插在最早一頁的字里行間,這種寫法叫作交叉信(Crossed Letter)。交叉信非常難讀,但如果字寫得小,字體也工整的話還是可以讀懂的。一八四〇年后國會(huì)改革了郵政系統(tǒng),使郵資大大降低,鐵路普及也使郵件收寄速度大大加快,可說是維多利亞早期技術(shù)進(jìn)步和政府干預(yù)下的一大成功之舉。文中安娜和雷伊通信的時(shí)間已是一八四〇年后,郵資已經(jīng)降低到每封信一便士,不需要再節(jié)省紙張,因此交叉信已經(jīng)比較少見了。

[7]英國政府于一八七〇年頒布了《初等教育法》,目標(biāo)是填補(bǔ)宗教教育的不足,在沒有學(xué)校的學(xué)區(qū)設(shè)立公立初等學(xué)校,對(duì)五至十二歲兒童實(shí)施強(qiáng)制性初等教育。此后,英國政府又于一八八〇年頒布了《芒代拉法》,規(guī)定對(duì)五至十歲兒童實(shí)施強(qiáng)制性初等義務(wù)教育;一八九一年頒布了《免費(fèi)初等教育法》,規(guī)定初等教育為免費(fèi)義務(wù)教育,并最終于一九一八年完全實(shí)現(xiàn)了國民初等義務(wù)教育。

[8]維多利亞時(shí)期十分強(qiáng)調(diào)女子的貞潔,婚前性行為、未婚先孕就等同于道德敗壞與墮落。年輕女仆假如未婚先孕,通常會(huì)立刻被主人逐出家門,以免帶壞家里其他人——亦即文中所謂的“保護(hù)自己珍愛的人”。因此,伊迪絲對(duì)待未婚先孕的安娜的態(tài)度可說是非常開明、十分罕見的。

[9]十八世紀(jì)中期至十九世紀(jì)初期,在英格蘭結(jié)婚必須在教堂舉行公開儀式才能合法登記;一八三六年取消了這一要求,新人除了去教堂舉行婚禮外,也可以選擇到民事登記處進(jìn)行公證結(jié)婚(Civil Marriage)。民事登記處登記公民出生、死亡、婚姻數(shù)據(jù),并提供公證結(jié)婚服務(wù)。

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