意大利學(xué)術(shù)界何必抵制英語(yǔ)

MILAN — Most students look forward in life; toomany teachers look back. A tad depressing assentiments go, perhaps, but it sums up Italianuniversities.

米蘭——大多數(shù)學(xué)生展望未來(lái);太多教師卻在回顧過(guò)去。這么說(shuō)或許有點(diǎn)傷感，但這卻是意大利大學(xué)的真實(shí)寫(xiě)照。

Take Milan Polytechnic. With around 40,000students, the Politecnico di Milano is the largest andmost prestigious technical university in Italy,offering undergraduate, graduate and otheradvanced courses in engineering, architecture anddesign. Founded in 1863, just two years after Italy was united, Milan Polytechnic ranks wellinternationally; many of its graduates now grace the faculties of schools like M.I.T., Caltech andOxbridge. Among the Politecnico’s distinguished alumni are the Nobel Prize-winning chemistGiulio Natta and the architects Aldo Rossi and Renzo Piano, the latter of whom designed theNew York Times building in Manhattan.

就拿米蘭理工大學(xué)(Milan Polytechnic)為例吧。這所學(xué)校的意大利文名稱為Politecnico di Milano，有4萬(wàn)學(xué)生，是意大利規(guī)模最大、最負(fù)盛名的理工大學(xué)，提供工程、建筑和設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域的本科、研究生和其他高等教育課程。1863年，意大利統(tǒng)一短短兩年之后，米蘭理工大學(xué)即已建校。它在國(guó)際上排名出眾，很多畢業(yè)生現(xiàn)在麻省理工、加州理工和牛津劍橋這樣的名校任教。杰出校友中包括諾貝爾化學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主居里奧·納塔(Giulio Natta)，建筑師阿爾多·羅西(Aldo Rossi)和倫佐·皮亞諾(Renzo Piano)。曼哈頓的紐約時(shí)報(bào)大樓就是皮亞諾設(shè)計(jì)的。

Yet the Politecnico has a problem. As you know, here in Italy we speak Italian. Beautiful thoughour language may be, it is not the medium of choice for engineers when they’re building abeltway in Norway or designing a dam in Vietnam. For better or worse, the global tongue ofengineers is English. Hoping to attract more international students, the Politecnico decided in2011 to run its master’s courses and doctorates in English only.

不過(guò)，米蘭理工也有一個(gè)問(wèn)題。你知道的，在意大利，我們講的是意大利語(yǔ)。這門語(yǔ)言雖然美麗，但對(duì)于那些要修建挪威繞城公路，或者設(shè)計(jì)越南水壩的工程師來(lái)說(shuō)，卻并非上上之選。無(wú)論好歹，工程師的全球通用語(yǔ)言就是英語(yǔ)。米蘭理工2011年決定用全英文進(jìn)行碩士課程教學(xué)和博士培養(yǎng)工作，希望能吸引更多國(guó)際學(xué)生。

And then all academic hell broke loose.

然后，學(xué)術(shù)圈就全亂套了。

Over 100 faculty members went to court to block the plan, citing a 1933 royal decree thatmakes Italian the official language of academia. Who cares if the decree was issued underfascism and driven by Benito Mussolini’s obsession with banning words like “cocktail” and“sandwich”? So what if Italian Politecnico students speak good English already, and use onlyEnglish-language textbooks? So what if their future job applications, interviews and businessmeetings will all be in English?

逾百名教師聯(lián)名訴至法庭，要求阻止這個(gè)計(jì)劃，理由是1933年的一項(xiàng)王室法令把意大利語(yǔ)定為學(xué)術(shù)界的官方語(yǔ)言。他們才不管這項(xiàng)法令是在法西斯統(tǒng)治下頒發(fā)的，由癡迷于取締“雞尾酒”和“三明治”等詞語(yǔ)的貝尼托·墨索里尼(Benito Mussolini)推動(dòng)。如果米蘭理工的意大利學(xué)生已經(jīng)能說(shuō)一口流利的英語(yǔ)，使用全英文的課本了，如果他們未來(lái)的求職申請(qǐng)、面試和商務(wù)會(huì)議都是用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行的，又怎么樣呢?

 

 

And requiring English-language teaching was obviously a good move for the university: ThePolitecnico’s international enrollment shot up. But for some faculty members, all that matters istheir cozy routine. They don’t feel comfortable teaching in English. Period. And in 2013, theregional administrative court said they were right. Teaching in English was out.

對(duì)于這所大學(xué)而言，要求用英語(yǔ)教學(xué)顯然是明智之舉：米蘭理工的國(guó)際學(xué)生人數(shù)直線上升。但對(duì)于一些教員而言，重要的只是他們習(xí)以為常的小日子。用英語(yǔ)授課讓他們感覺(jué)不舒服，就是這樣。2013年，該地區(qū)的行政法院說(shuō)他們說(shuō)得對(duì)，不能用英語(yǔ)授課。

But there was more to come. The recalcitrant academics then went on a nationwide campaignagainst their university’s decision. Unwisely, the guardian of the Italian language — theAccademia della Crusca, based in Florence — backed them, saying, “We note with regret andintense concern the creeping marginalization and abandonment of Italian in the upper tiers ofuniversity education.” Never mind that the English-language requirement applied only tomaster’s degrees and doctorates at a technical school where students learn how to buildbridges and don’t deconstruct Dante. The defenders of Italian were on the warpath.

然而，事情并未就此了結(jié)。頑固的學(xué)者們隨后又在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)掀起了反對(duì)米蘭理工決定的活動(dòng)。意大利語(yǔ)的守護(hù)者、位于佛羅倫薩的“秕糠學(xué)會(huì)”(Accademia della Crusca)不明智地采取了支持他們的立場(chǎng)，出面表示，“我們遺憾地注意到，最高學(xué)府中正在逐步邊緣化和遺棄意大利語(yǔ)，我們對(duì)此強(qiáng)烈關(guān)注。”他們完全無(wú)視這個(gè)計(jì)劃涉及的是一所讓學(xué)生研習(xí)如何修建橋梁、而非解構(gòu)但丁的理工學(xué)校，針對(duì)的只是它的碩士和博士學(xué)位教育。意大利語(yǔ)的捍衛(wèi)者們來(lái)勢(shì)洶洶。

Administrators at the Politecnico refused to be intimidated, and appealed the ruling. Last monththe Council of State, which vets the legality of Italian administrative policies, ruled that it was upto the Constitutional Court, the country’s highest legal body, to decide whether English-onlyuniversity teaching violates Article 33 of the Italian Constitution: “Art and science are free, andteaching them is free.” The question is whether teaching in English hampers students’ freeaccess to knowledge. But one could put it differently, and ask whether universities should befree to teach in whatever manner they think best serves their students.

米蘭理工大學(xué)的管理層沒(méi)有被嚇退，他們對(duì)這個(gè)裁決進(jìn)行了抗訴。上個(gè)月，負(fù)責(zé)審核意大利行政政策合法性的國(guó)務(wù)委員會(huì)(Council of State)裁定，應(yīng)由本國(guó)最高法律機(jī)構(gòu)憲法法院(Constitutional Court)來(lái)決定，在大學(xué)里進(jìn)行全英語(yǔ)教學(xué)是否違反了意大利憲法第33條：“藝術(shù)與科學(xué)是自由的，其教育也是自由的。”現(xiàn)在的問(wèn)題是，英語(yǔ)授課是否阻礙了學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)的自由獲取。但你也可以換個(gè)問(wèn)法：大學(xué)是否可以用他們認(rèn)為最適合學(xué)生的方式，不受約束地自由教學(xué)?

Interestingly, the people one might expect to be most up in arms over English-only teaching,the students themselves, have taken it in stride. The Politecnico’s rector, Giovanni Azzone, toldme: “Students write to me about everything from the lack of parking spaces to washrooms thatdon’t work. Not one has ever complained about the courses in English.”

你可能以為最反對(duì)英語(yǔ)授課的是學(xué)生本身，有趣的是，他們卻對(duì)此泰然處之。米蘭理工大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)喬瓦尼·阿佐內(nèi)(Giovanni Azzone)對(duì)我說(shuō)：“學(xué)生寫(xiě)給我的投訴信里，從缺少停車位到洗手間故障，各種各樣的問(wèn)題都有，但從來(lái)沒(méi)有人抱怨過(guò)用英語(yǔ)授課。”

I had an early taste of this mood in 2011, soon after the university adopted English forgraduate degree courses. In a speech to students on the Politecnico’s main campus in Milan, Iintroduced myself in Latin — still a cool, international language — and then spoke in English.

2011年，米蘭理工的研究生課程采用英語(yǔ)教學(xué)之后不久，我對(duì)這個(gè)現(xiàn)象就早早有過(guò)體驗(yàn)。當(dāng)時(shí)我在該校的米蘭主校區(qū)對(duì)學(xué)生發(fā)表演講，先用拉丁語(yǔ)——仍然是一門很酷的國(guó)際語(yǔ)言——自我介紹，然后用英語(yǔ)發(fā)言。

The students didn’t miss a single word. They took notes. They laughed at my jokes. Theyasked intelligent questions. Some faculty members failed to laugh or, I suspect, follow what Iwas saying.

學(xué)生們完全跟上了我的發(fā)言。他們做筆記，被我的笑話逗樂(lè)，還問(wèn)了一些睿智的問(wèn)題。有些教師則沒(méi)有笑，我還懷疑他們沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂我的意思。

But they did ask questions in Italian, like: “I’m past 50. What would you say if I told you that Idon’t feel comfortable teaching in English?” My answer: “I’d wonder where you worked, whichacademic journals you wrote for and what international conferences you attended. What kindof a teacher are you?”

但他們當(dāng)中，確實(shí)有人用意大利語(yǔ)提了問(wèn)，比如：“我已經(jīng)年過(guò)50，如果告訴你，用英語(yǔ)授課讓我感覺(jué)不舒服，你又怎么看呢?”我回答：“我會(huì)很好奇，想知道你曾在哪里工作，為哪些學(xué)術(shù)刊物撰寫(xiě)文章，參加過(guò)哪些國(guó)際會(huì)議。你是哪門子老師?”

There was one question I didn’t ask at the time, but would like to ask now. Why is Italianacademia so slow to change? Could the reason perhaps be that none of the country’s 13,279tenured professors is younger than 35? Only 15 are under 40; the average age is 60. Time toface the future, signori professori, in any language you like. Just look in the right direction.

當(dāng)時(shí)有一個(gè)問(wèn)題我沒(méi)有說(shuō)出口，但現(xiàn)在我想問(wèn)問(wèn)。為什么意大利學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)變化如此抗拒?會(huì)不會(huì)是因?yàn)椋喝珖?guó)有13279名終身教授，但沒(méi)有一名年齡在35歲以下，只有15名未滿40歲，平均年齡卻高達(dá)60歲?是時(shí)候面對(duì)未來(lái)了，教授先生們，不管你喜歡哪門語(yǔ)言。請(qǐng)把目光投向正確的方向。