牛津詞典：特朗普創(chuàng)造多個(gè)新詞

Donald Trump's linguistic dexterity may be questionable, but the US president's lexicon has had an impact on the English language, which is reflected in the latest additions to oxforddictionaries.com, the online reference guide to current English.

特朗普的語(yǔ)言技巧可能受人質(zhì)疑，但這位美國(guó)總統(tǒng)的常用語(yǔ)已對(duì)英語(yǔ)造成了影響，這在最新增補(bǔ)的牛津在線(xiàn)詞典中可見(jiàn)一斑。牛津在線(xiàn)詞典是流行英語(yǔ)的參考指南。

New coinages that reflect the latest wave of online political activism form a significant section of more than 300 new definitions in the database, which is a sister work to the Oxford English Dictionary.

反映最新一波網(wǎng)絡(luò)政治活動(dòng)的新詞已在這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中組成了300多個(gè)新詞條。牛津在線(xiàn)詞典是《牛津英語(yǔ)大詞典》的姐妹版。

Additions including "clicktivism" (a pejorative word for armchair activists on social media), "haterade" (excessive negativity, criticism, or resentment), "otherize" (view or treat – a person or group of people – as intrinsically different from and alien to oneself) and "herd mentality" (the tendency for people's behaviour or beliefs to conform to those of the group to which they belong) all emerged during the 2016 battle for the White House, said head of content development Angus Stevenson.

牛津在線(xiàn)詞典內(nèi)容開(kāi)發(fā)負(fù)責(zé)人安格斯•史蒂文森說(shuō)，新增詞匯包括"clicktivism"(網(wǎng)絡(luò)點(diǎn)擊行動(dòng)主義)、"haterade"(極端仇恨)、"otherize"(異己)和"herd mentality"(羊群心態(tài))，它們都曾出現(xiàn)在2016年的白宮選戰(zhàn)中。

"We are getting a convergence of high-level politics and online language in quite a new way," Stevenson said. "We had all the words around Brexit in the last update and we are now starting to see all the words around Trump coming into the dictionary."

史蒂文森說(shuō)："我們以新的形式將高級(jí)政治和網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語(yǔ)結(jié)合。在上一次更新詞典數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)時(shí)，我們吸收了所有與英國(guó)脫歐有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在，我們正在將與特朗普有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)收錄到在線(xiàn)詞典中。"

Stevenson said that new terms from Trump, his supporters and opponents were emerging more rapidly than in the past. "We have lots to add all the time. We don't have 'fake news' or 'alternative fact' this time, because they have just started gaining currency, but I am sure they will be in the next update," he added.

史蒂文森說(shuō)，來(lái)自特朗普及其支持者與反對(duì)者的這些新詞的出現(xiàn)速度比以往任何時(shí)候都快。他還補(bǔ)充說(shuō)："我們總是有很多詞語(yǔ)要添加。這一次，我們沒(méi)有收錄'fake news'(假消息)及'alternative fact'(另類(lèi)事實(shí))，因?yàn)樗鼈儎傞_(kāi)始流傳，但我可以確定的是下次更新詞典時(shí)，它們將被收入。"

As well as political terms, public conversations about diet, fitness and gender were a strong influence on the words included in the latest update. "Superfruit", a nutrient-rich fruit considered to be especially beneficial for health and wellbeing; HIIT, the acronym for high-intensity interval training; and "third gender", a category of people who do not identify simply as male or female, all made it into the online database.

與政治詞匯一樣，人們關(guān)于飲食、健康和性別的交談也對(duì)這次的詞匯更新造成了很大的影響。"Superfruit"(超級(jí)水果)，指的是一種富含營(yíng)養(yǎng)的水果，對(duì)身體健康非常有益;"HIIT"，是"high-intensity interval training"(高強(qiáng)度間隔訓(xùn)練)的首字母縮寫(xiě);"third gender"(第三性別)，指的是那種無(wú)法被簡(jiǎn)單判定為男性或女性的群體。這些詞語(yǔ)都被納入了在線(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中。

Social media were the source for many of the new coinages, though most were the kind of compounds that would have language purists clutching their pearls. "Craptacular" (remarkably poor and disappointing), "bronde" (hair dyed both blond and brunette) and "fitspiration" (a person or thing that serves as motivation for someone to sustain or improve health and fitness) all made the cut.

社交媒體是許多新鮮詞匯的來(lái)源，盡管其中的大多數(shù)詞語(yǔ)都是復(fù)合詞，這些復(fù)合詞會(huì)讓語(yǔ)言純粹主義者大驚失色。"Craptacular"(意思是特別的窮困和沮喪)、"bronde"(指的是被染成金色和淺黑色的頭發(fā))以及"fitspiration"(指的是一個(gè)人或一種物品，用來(lái)作為維持或提升某人健康的動(dòng)力)都達(dá)標(biāo)了。

Stevenson said the need for brevity on Twitter was not responsible for rising numbers of compound words, but it had widened the pool of those inventing new terms. "People feel much freer to coin their own words these days," he said, advising anyone who wished to make a permanent dent in the English language to make sure that their word sounded attractive. Citing the word "vlog", he said ugly-sounding words tended not to gain very wide currency. He added: "They have to have a euphonious sound."

史蒂文森說(shuō)，推特對(duì)詞匯簡(jiǎn)潔性的要求并不是復(fù)合詞數(shù)量的增加的原因，但這的確為創(chuàng)造新詞匯的人們拓寬了道路。"如今，人們可以更自由地創(chuàng)造詞語(yǔ)，"他說(shuō)，他建議那些想要在英語(yǔ)詞匯上留下永久印記的人們務(wù)必要確保他們所創(chuàng)造的新詞發(fā)音好聽(tīng)。他引用"vlog"這個(gè)詞，然后說(shuō)發(fā)音很難聽(tīng)的詞一般都不會(huì)被大家廣泛使用。他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)："這些詞語(yǔ)得有一個(gè)悅耳的讀音。"