除了長(zhǎng)葉萵苣外，還有5種食物也可能含有大腸桿菌

除了長(zhǎng)葉萵苣外，還有5種食物也可能含有大腸桿菌

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will begin broad testing of romaine lettuce for E. coli and salmonella. The agency made the decision in the wake of recent E. coli outbreaks.

美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局(FDA)將開始對(duì)長(zhǎng)葉萵苣進(jìn)行大腸桿菌和沙門氏菌的廣泛測(cè)試。該機(jī)構(gòu)是在最近爆發(fā)大腸桿菌疫情后做出這一決定的。

There are also other, less obvious foods that can harbor E. coli and cause illness. (Photo: Evgeny Karandaev/Shutterstock)

Most recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been investigating a cluster of cases linked to bagged Caesar salad containing the romaine.

最近，美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心(CDC)一直在調(diào)查一系列與袋裝凱撒生菜沙拉有關(guān)的病例。

Contaminated romaine lettuce has been responsible for three separate, multi-state E. coli outbreaks in the last two years. Those outbreaks killed five people and made another 295 sick, UPI reports.

在過(guò)去的兩年里，受污染的長(zhǎng)葉萵苣已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了三次不同的、跨州的大腸桿菌爆發(fā)。UPI報(bào)道，這些疫情導(dǎo)致5人死亡，295人患病。

Here are five other foods that you'll see recalled from time to time because of E. coli, along with tips on how to safely prepare them.

下面是另外五種因?yàn)榇竽c桿菌而不時(shí)被召回的食物，以及如何安全食用的建議。

Sprouts

豆芽

Growing conditions make sprouts particularly susceptible to E. coli. (Photo: margouillat photo/Shutterstock)

Sprouts are grown in warm, humid conditions ideal for the growth of bacteria like E. coli, as well as salmonella and listeria. They're at their most dangerous when eaten raw, but cooking them can reduce risks and kill harmful bacteria. Between 1996 and 2016, there were 46 U.S. outbreaks of food-borne illness from sprouts. In 2017, the FDA began taking steps to curb the high number of bacterial illnesses linked to contaminated raw sprouts.

豆芽生長(zhǎng)在溫暖潮濕的環(huán)境中，是大腸桿菌、沙門氏菌和李斯特菌等細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng)的理想環(huán)境。生吃時(shí)它們最危險(xiǎn)，但烹飪它們可以降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，殺死有害細(xì)菌。從1996年到2016年，美國(guó)爆發(fā)了46起由豆芽引發(fā)的食源性疾病。2017年，美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局開始采取措施，控制與受污染的生豆芽有關(guān)的大量細(xì)菌疾病。

Water

水

Even water isn't safe from contamination. (Photo: ericlefrancais/Shutterstock)

Bottled water is usually safe when it comes to bacterial contaminants, but in 2015, Niagara Brand bottled water issued a recall out of an abundance of caution because of possible E. coli contamination, even though no illnesses were reported. The danger from E. coli-infected water usually comes from sources like private wells or drinking straight from a body of water that has been contaminated. If you're getting your drinking or cooking water from a source that could possibly be contaminated, there are ultraviolet water-treatment systems that can kill the bacteria, or in a pinch, boiling the water for at least one minute will also kill contaminants.

談到細(xì)菌污染物，瓶裝水通常是安全的，但在2015年，Niagara品牌瓶裝水發(fā)布了召回通知，因?yàn)樗赡苁艿酱竽c桿菌污染，盡管沒有報(bào)告患病。大腸桿菌感染的水的危險(xiǎn)通常來(lái)自私人水井或直接飲用被污染的水體。如果你從可能被污染的水源獲取飲用水或蒸煮用水，有紫外線水處理系統(tǒng)可以殺死細(xì)菌，或者在必要時(shí)，將水煮沸至少一分鐘也可以殺死污染物。

Beef

牛肉

Cooking beef so it's well done can kill any E. coli contamination (Photo: Allen.G/Shutterstock)

In 2018, 7 tons of ground beef were recalled because of E. coli contamination. These bacteria commonly live in the digestive tracts of cows, whose meat may become infected during slaughtering and processing. Since E. coli in beef is fairly common, beef should be fully cooked before being consumed. That means a medium-rare cheeseburger, while delicious, may also be dangerous. To stay clear of E. coli poisoning from beef, burgers, steaks, roasts and other cuts of meat, they should be cooked to well-done. The U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends cooking beef to an internal temperature of 160 degrees Fahrenheit (71 Celsius).

2018年，7噸絞細(xì)牛肉因大腸桿菌污染被召回。這些細(xì)菌通常生活在牛的消化道，在屠宰和加工過(guò)程中，牛肉可能會(huì)受到感染。由于牛肉中的大腸桿菌相當(dāng)普遍，所以牛肉在食用前應(yīng)充分煮熟。這意味著，一個(gè)三分熟的奶酪漢堡雖然美味，但也可能是危險(xiǎn)的。為了避免牛肉、漢堡、牛排、烤肉和其他肉類的大腸桿菌中毒，它們應(yīng)該煮到熟透。美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部建議將牛肉烹調(diào)到內(nèi)部溫度為華氏160度(71攝氏度)。

Unpasteurized juice

未經(jīng)高溫消毒的果汁

Unpasteurized juice can be contaminated with E. coli. (Photo: baibaz/Shutterstock)

Pasteurization kills bacteria in juice (and in dairy and eggs), but fresh juice can have E. coli passed on from the fresh produce it was made from. In 2013, 13 people became ill from E. coli after drinking unpasteurized apple juice from High Hill Ranch in California. The one sure way to avoid E. coli in any juice is to make sure it's been pasteurized before drinking it.

巴氏滅菌法可以殺死果汁(以及奶制品和雞蛋)中的細(xì)菌，但是新鮮果汁可能會(huì)有大腸桿菌從它的新鮮產(chǎn)品中傳播。2013年，有13人在飲用了加州High Hill牧場(chǎng)未經(jīng)高溫消毒的蘋果汁后感染了大腸桿菌。避免在果汁中出現(xiàn)大腸桿菌的一個(gè)可靠方法是在飲用之前確保它經(jīng)過(guò)了巴氏消毒。

Deli meats

熟食肉類

Deli meat, especially if it's past its prime, can be a source of E. coli bacteria. (Photo: Elena Elesseeva/Shutterstock)

Deli slicers aren't typically cleaned between each use, given the impracticality of sterilizing them after every order. But, because of this, if one package of deli meat contains E. coli, the bacteria can spread to other meats prepared on the same slicer. While the risk from deli meats isn't as high as fresh produce or raw meats, a CBS News report indicates about half of locations visited by FDA inspectors didn't clean and sanitize their meat slicers as often as the FDA recommends.When buying deli meat, you might want to inquire about how often their slicers are cleaned. And discard of any sliced deli products that have been in your refrigerator for more than a few days. The longer they sit, the more the bacteria can grow.

熟食切片機(jī)一般不會(huì)在每次使用之間進(jìn)行清洗，因?yàn)槊看钨?gòu)買后都無(wú)法消毒。但是，正因?yàn)槿绱?，如果一包熟食肉中含有大腸桿菌，細(xì)菌就會(huì)傳播到同一切片機(jī)上的其他肉類上。雖然熟食肉類的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不像新鮮農(nóng)產(chǎn)品或生肉那么高，但哥倫比亞廣播公司(CBS)的一篇新聞報(bào)道指出，F(xiàn)DA檢查人員走訪的約半數(shù)場(chǎng)所沒有像FDA建議的那樣經(jīng)常清洗和消毒切片機(jī)。買熟食肉的時(shí)候，你可能想問問他們的切片機(jī)多久清洗一次。丟棄在冰箱里存放超過(guò)幾天的切片熟食。它們停留的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，細(xì)菌就能生長(zhǎng)得越多。