英語閱讀理解題型破解
一般來說，常見的高考閱讀題型有：細節(jié)題、詞匯題、主旨題、推理題、結(jié)構(gòu)題。
一、細節(jié)題細節(jié)，一般是對某一具體的人或事的詳細描述或說明。而細節(jié)題則是針對細節(jié)提問，考查學(xué)生的跳讀能力、對文章相關(guān)內(nèi)容的理解并進行綜合判斷及推理分析的能力。細節(jié)題在高考閱讀中比重最高，也是學(xué)生犯錯頻率最高的題型。解細節(jié)題時，運用三步定位法能一定程度上提高正確率。所謂“三步定位法”是指解題時，我們先通過題干信息來選擇定位詞，一般多通過題干中的名詞、動詞、數(shù)詞來進行。選好定位詞后，返回原文，查找這個詞是在文中哪句話中出現(xiàn)的。題目的答案一般就包含在這句話中。
例如：2006年高考英語全國卷2閱讀理解B篇(見本期贈卷) 47. In which year did the former first lady Jacqueline die? A. 1934 B. 1960 C. 1964 D. 1994
【分析】本題根據(jù)題干中的專有名詞Jacqueline，馬上將信息定位到了文章第4段。繼續(xù)讀這段，會發(fā)現(xiàn)May 19. 1994這天發(fā)生的重大事情正是Jacqueline died，很顯然答案為1994，選D。(這篇閱讀理解的其他幾個題目基本都是細節(jié)題，建議大家不妨用定位法練習(xí)一下) 二、詞匯題在閱讀中遇到的詞匯都可分為“生詞”和“熟詞”。在高考英語閱讀中，“生詞”，也就是常說的“超綱詞匯”，一般文章會通過下定義、類比、舉例等方式對其進行解釋，答案就在在“生詞”附近的句子中。“熟詞”主要是大綱要求的詞匯，值得強調(diào)的是代詞，指帶上文提及的特定內(nèi)容。對于“熟詞”類詞匯題，可以根據(jù)文章上下文內(nèi)容確定，而且答案一般也在該詞附近。
例如：2001年高考英語全國卷閱讀理解A篇Shanghai: Car rentals(出租)are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to roads. Business people, foreign and families alike are making good use of the growing industry. The first car rental firm opened in Shanghai in 1992 and now 12 car rental players are in the game, with more than 11,500 cars in their books. The largest player-Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices—deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite. …. 56. The words“deluxe sedans,”“minivans”and“station wagons”used in the text refer to _________. A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers
【分析】該題屬于“生詞”類詞匯題，直接通過定位在第3段找到“生詞”。發(fā)現(xiàn)這三個詞是用來解釋前面說到的“choices”，而根據(jù)“Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices”，可以很容易得出正確答案C。
三、主旨題主旨題是閱讀理解中最常見的題型之一，每年高考英語試卷中都會出現(xiàn)3～4題(即6～8分)，考查學(xué)生對整篇文章的把握情況。解答這類題可以運用如下方法：
1、抓主題句主題句表達文章中心思想，在文章中通常位于第一段首句、第一段末句和全文末句等處，閱讀時要特別注意。
2、抓文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)文章主題出現(xiàn)的位置對應(yīng)于文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個部分，而在高考閱讀中以“總-分-總”結(jié)構(gòu)類型題居多。所以重讀文章首、尾兩段以及每段首句，對把握文章結(jié)構(gòu)和主旨理解有很大幫助。
例如：2002年高考英語北京卷閱讀理解E篇Since 1989, Dave Thomas, who died at age 69, was one of the most recognizable faces on TV. He appeared in more than 800 commercials for the hamburger chain named for his daughter.“As long as it works,”he said in 1991,“I’ll continue do those commercials.”…. “The Dave you saw on TV was the real Dave,”says friend Pat Williams.“He wasn’t a great actor or a great speaker. He was just Joe Everybody.”71. What is the article mainly about? A. The life of Dave Thomas. B. The dream of Dave Thomas. C. The schooling of Dave Thomas. D. The growth of Dave Thomas’s business.
【分析】本題是典型的主旨題，通過首段介紹Dave Thomas的商業(yè)發(fā)展，很多同學(xué)都誤選了D項。但讀完文章尾段后，再和首段對應(yīng)，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)文章評論得更多還是Dave Thomas這個人，而不是他的商業(yè)經(jīng)營，所以正確答案是A
四、結(jié)構(gòu)題最近兩年，結(jié)構(gòu)題頻繁在各地高考英語閱讀理解題中出現(xiàn)，已經(jīng)成為了一種獨立的題型。這種題型源于TOEFL閱讀的結(jié)構(gòu)題，就其考查內(nèi)容的不同，可分為兩種：考查考生對整個文章結(jié)構(gòu)的把握;考查考生根據(jù)現(xiàn)有文章預(yù)測后文內(nèi)容的能力。解第一種類型的，一般可通過仔細閱讀文章首尾兩個段落以及中間各段落的首句或尾句，根據(jù)其內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系及內(nèi)容來進行判斷。而解第二種類型的結(jié)構(gòu)題，則在以上的基礎(chǔ)上，需要重點依據(jù)尾段內(nèi)容(特別是尾段最后一句話)做出判斷。
例如：2005年高考英語江蘇卷閱讀理解The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science. Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understandings of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology—the application of science—has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of earning; in applied science—a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment. Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons, Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the umber of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as f many kinds of animals. William Shakespeare said, "The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (紗線), good and ill together.'’The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities—science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war? 72. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage? A. B. C. D.
【分析】該題為結(jié)構(gòu)題的第一種類型。針對該題，在文章首段的最后一句話，通過轉(zhuǎn)折詞but找到主題，第2段、第3段的主題句都出現(xiàn)了段尾，都講了科技帶來的benefit，從正面印證了主題。而第4段首句的sadly和however，表明文章轉(zhuǎn)入另外一個方面的論證，而且是反面的的論證。接下來的全文尾段用Shakespeare的話再次總結(jié)主題。根據(jù)這個分析，可以很容易地看出這篇文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)是“總-分-總”式，在“分”的部分有分為正、反兩方面，選A。
例如：2006年高考英語重慶卷閱讀理解E篇The flag, the most common symbol(象征) of a nation in the modern world, is also one of the most ancient. With a clear symbolic meaning, the flag in the traditional form is still used today to mark buildings, ships and other vehicles related to a country. The national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive(原始的)artifact. It is, rather, the product of thousands of years' development. Historians believe that it had two major ancestors, of which the earlier served to show wind direction. …. These flags developed very slowly into modern flags. The first known flag of a nation or a ruler was unmarked: The king of China around 1000 B.C. was known to have a white flag carried ahead of him. This practice might have been learned from Egyptians even further in the past, but it was from China that it spread over trade routes through India, then across Arab lands, and finally to Europe, where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag. 75. What will the author most probably talk about next?
A. The role of China in the spread of the national flag.
B. The second ancestor of the national flag.
C. The use of modern flags in Europe.
D. The importance of modern flags.
【分析】本題屬于結(jié)構(gòu)題中的預(yù)測后文類型。文章首段很明顯是對“flag”做了一個整體介紹，而從第2段開始推出文章要介紹的主要內(nèi)容“national flag”，同時，根據(jù)第2段尾句可知national flag有兩個ancestors。再結(jié)合尾段內(nèi)容，特別是尾段最后一句“where it met up with the other ancestor of the national flag”，很容易推測出作者即將要講到的內(nèi)容，另外一種ancestor。所以選B。
五、推理題推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可是某幾句話，但做題時，都要以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理題的答案只能是根據(jù)原文表面文字信息一步推理得出的答案，即對原文某一句話或某幾句話所作的同義改寫(paraphrase)或綜合。具體在解題時就是：根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞或選項中的線索找到原文的相關(guān)句，讀懂原句后，對照選項進行比較，其中對相關(guān)原句進行同義改寫或綜合概括的一項即為正確答案。
針對推理題的不同形式，可以采取以下做法：
1、假如題干中有具體線索，根據(jù)具體線索找到原文相關(guān)句(一句或多句)，然后做出推理;
2、假如題干中無線索，如題干為“It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that ______”等，先快速瀏覽一下4個選項，根據(jù)常識等排除不太可能的選項，然后在剩余的選項中找到關(guān)鍵詞，回到原文尋找其相關(guān)句并做出推理;
3、如果一篇文章中其他題都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理題，如infer、conclude題型，可能與文章主旨有關(guān)，考生應(yīng)該定位到文章主題所在位置(如主題句出現(xiàn)處);假如其他題已經(jīng)涉及文章主旨，那么要求推斷出來的內(nèi)容可能與段落主題有關(guān)，則此時應(yīng)找段落主題所在處;如果不與段落主題有關(guān)，有時與全文或段落的重要結(jié)論有關(guān)，則需要尋找與這些結(jié)論相關(guān)的文中原句。
