專八General Knowledge知識點(diǎn) 專八General Knowledge知識點(diǎn)

專八General Knowledge知識點(diǎn)

1.      A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.

2.      Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位學(xué); 在語言或一門語言中，對有關(guān)其分類和模式以及為大家所默認(rèn)的發(fā)音規(guī)則的研究音韻學(xué), 音系學(xué)

3.      Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究詞或其它句子成分如何聯(lián)合起來形成合乎語法的句子規(guī)則的學(xué)科

4.      Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.語義學(xué)，以語言形式表示意思的研究或科學(xué)

5.  acronym  : 首字母組合詞，首字母縮略詞，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它們可以連拼，但VOA是 Initialism。

6.      Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 換喻或轉(zhuǎn)喻，一種,一個詞或詞組被另一個與之有緊密聯(lián)系的詞或詞組替換的修辭方法，如用華盛頓代替美政府或用劍代替軍事力量，對面來了三個"紅領(lǐng)巾"也是，以紅領(lǐng)巾指代少先隊(duì)員。？

7.      Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by  like or  as, as in  How like the winter hath my absence been or  So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻, 一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比較，通常在由 like或 as引導(dǎo)的短語中，如 "我的離開好象是冬天來臨"或"你對我的思想就象食物對于生命一樣重要"（莎士比亞）

8.      :Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in  a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare) 隱喻一種語言表達(dá)手法，通常用指某物的詞或詞組來指代他物，從而暗示它們之間的相似之處，如 "憂愁之海"或"整個世界一臺戲"(莎士比亞) the ship of desert 沙漠之舟

9.      Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist. 矛盾修飾法, 一種把互相矛盾或不調(diào)和的詞合在一起的修辭手法，如在 震耳欲聾的沉默和悲傷的樂觀  cruel kindness

10.  The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.

11.  John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.

12.  Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes. 十四行詩體, 一種由十四行組成的詩歌形式，通常有一種傳統(tǒng)的押韻形式, 莎士比亞用過此詩體。

13.  Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect. 俚語主要出現(xiàn)在非正式的、游戲性的話語中的一種語言，基本由存在時間很短的派生詞和修辭構(gòu)成，它們被故意地用來取代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的詞語以達(dá)到生動、幽默、無禮或其它效果

14.  Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement. 警句，妙句，吸引人的詞句廣泛使用的或流行的用語，尤指用作集團(tuán)或運(yùn)動的口號的用語。

15.  Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. 行話, 一個行業(yè)、職業(yè)或類似的團(tuán)體中使用的專業(yè)的或技術(shù)的語言.

  terminology

16.  Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant. 陳腔濫調(diào), 陳腐的或平庸的評論或陳述，尤指某人表述它時好象它是新穎的或有意義的

17.  Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in  I could sleep for a year or  This book weighs a ton. 夸張法,一種比喻，使用夸張來強(qiáng)調(diào)或產(chǎn)生某種效果，比如在 我能睡一年或這書有一噸重

18.  onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as  buzz or  murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to. 象聲詞, 詞的構(gòu)成或用法，例如 buzz或 murmur模仿事物或行動的聲音.

19.  hypotaxis: 從屬關(guān)系

20.  parataxis: 并列結(jié)構(gòu)，指短語或分句間不用連詞， 如：I came, I saw, I conquered.

21.  Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition. 超驗(yàn)主義, 一種文學(xué)和哲學(xué)運(yùn)動，與拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生和瑪格麗特·富勒有關(guān)，宣稱存在一種理想的精神實(shí)體，超越于經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科學(xué)之處，通過直覺得以把握

22.  Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter. 美國

23.  Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.詞法，詞態(tài)學(xué)，形態(tài)音位學(xué), 語言或某一語言中對于單詞的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式的研究，包括詞尾變化、派生和合成詞的構(gòu)成

24.  affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant輔音 followed by a fricative摩擦; for example, the initial sounds of  child and  joy. 塞擦音由閉塞音伴隨著摩擦音而形成的復(fù)雜的語音；例如 child和 joy的第一個音Also called: affricative.

25.  Vanity Fair 名利場 was written by William Makepeace Thackeray.

26.  Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon. Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins

尼爾．阿姆斯特朗、埃德溫．奧爾德林、邁克爾．柯林斯

27.  The title of the national anthem 國歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此種類型題同學(xué)們可自己多找?guī)讉€國家。

28.  Henry David Thoreau's work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.

29.  Etymology: the history of a word. 詞源學(xué)

30.  The dominant accent in the United States is General American. 除紐約市、南方、新英格蘭

31.  John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披頭士或甲殼蟲樂隊(duì)in the 1960s.

32.  In Gulliver's Travels格列佛游記, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world's most perfect society. 有理智和人性的馬 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.

33.  Geoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.

34.  Morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. 詞素, 一種含有一個單詞的有意義的語言單位，如 -ed在單詞 walked中，不能被劃分為更小的有意義單位

35.  The name of the famous stadium露天體育場 in the north of London is Wembley.

36.  Wimbledon溫布爾登[英國英格蘭東南部城市](位于倫敦附近, 是著名的國際網(wǎng)球比賽地)

37.  Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食譜, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.  烤面拖牛肉，，面拖烤香腸

38.  Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（強(qiáng)制）. 聯(lián)合抵制, 聯(lián)合起來拒絕使用、購買或經(jīng)銷以示抗議、不滿或作為強(qiáng)制的手段

39.  Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society. 種族隔離, 強(qiáng)制實(shí)行種族的社會分離政策及實(shí)踐，如在學(xué)校、居住和工業(yè)中，尤指在白人居多的社會中實(shí)行有色人種歧視的政策

40.  Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites. 種族隔離制, 南非共和國實(shí)行的一種官方的種族隔離政策，包括在政治、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)諸方面對非白色人種的歧視.

41.  Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization; desegregation. 種族或宗教融合, 在社會或組織中，使不同的種族或宗教派別的人處于無限制的平等的關(guān)系中；取消種族隔離

42.  The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.

43.  Sir Thomas More coined the word "Utopia"; it means nowhere land in Greek.

44.  The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.

45.  Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 語言中最小的語音單位，如英語里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b

46.  polysemy: 一詞多義

47.  patron saint：保護(hù)圣徒, 守護(hù)神

48.  Parentese: 父母語

49.  back formation: 逆構(gòu)詞 脫落一詞的詞綴以構(gòu)成新詞 typewriter → typewrite

50.  allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme. 語素變體, 語素的一種變體形式，如語音學(xué)的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，還有 en在 oxen中都是英語復(fù)數(shù)語素的語素變體.