宜居行星不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)，卻依舊神秘難測(cè)

As Ranks of Goldilocks Planets Grow, Astronomers Consider What’s Next

宜居行星不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)，卻依舊神秘難測(cè)

It’s a big universe, but it’s full of small planets.

這是一個(gè)很大的宇宙，但卻充滿(mǎn)了小型的行星。

A group of astronomers led by Guillermo Torres of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics announced on Tuesday that they had found eight new planets orbiting their stars at distances compatible with liquid water, bringing the total number of potentially habitable “Goldilocks planets” to a few dozen, depending on how the habitable zone is defined.

周二，以哈佛-史密森尼天體物理中心(Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)的吉耶爾莫·托里斯(Guillermo Torres)為首的一組天文學(xué)者宣布，他們新發(fā)現(xiàn)有八顆行星在容許液態(tài)水存在的距離圍繞它們的恒星運(yùn)行。這樣一來(lái)，可能適宜居住的“適居帶 (Goldilocks)行星”的總數(shù)就上升到了數(shù)十顆。當(dāng)然，這還取決于如何定義適居帶。

NASA’s Kepler spacecraft, now in its fifth year of seeking out the shadows of planets circling other stars, has spotted hundreds, and more and more of these other worlds look a lot like Earth — rocky balls only slightly larger than our own home, that with the right doses of starlight and water could turn out to be veritable gardens of microbial Eden.

美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局(NASA)的開(kāi)普勒(Kepler)太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡目前已進(jìn)入搜尋圍繞其他恒星旋轉(zhuǎn)的行星的陰影的第五年。它已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了數(shù)百個(gè)，以及越來(lái)越多與地球十分相似的世界——只比我們的家園地球體積稍大的石球，只要有適量的光和水，就可能會(huì)成為名副其實(shí)的微生物伊甸園。

As the ranks of these planets grow, astronomers are beginning to plan the next step in the quest to end cosmic loneliness, gauging which hold the greatest promise for life and what tools will be needed to learn about them.

隨著此類(lèi)行星的數(shù)量不斷增加，天文學(xué)者開(kāi)始計(jì)劃相關(guān)探索的下一步，測(cè)算哪顆行星存在生命的可能性最大，以及了解它們需要什么工具，從而終結(jié)我們?cè)谟钪嬷械墓陋?dú)感。

On Monday another group of astronomers said they had managed to weigh precisely a set of small planets and found that their densities and compositions almost exactly matched those of Earth. Both groups announced their findings at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Seattle.

周一，另一組天文學(xué)者表示，他們已經(jīng)成功精確計(jì)算出了一系列小行星的重量，發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的密度和構(gòu)成幾乎與地球完全一致。這兩組天文學(xué)者都在西雅圖的美國(guó)天文學(xué)會(huì) (American Astronomical Society)的會(huì)議上公布了自己的研究結(jié)果。

Alluding to the popularity of food shows and cooking apps, Courtney Dressing, also of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, said at a news conference, “I’m going to give you the recipe for a rocky planet.”

同樣來(lái)自哈佛-史密森尼天體物理中心的考特妮·德雷辛(Courtney Dressing)在新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上借用美食節(jié)目和烹飪軟件的話(huà)說(shuō)，“我現(xiàn)在要告訴你該如何制作巖態(tài)行星。”

She began, “Take one cup of magnesium....”

她說(shuō)，“用一杯鎂……”

Reviewing the history of exoplanets, Debra Fischer, a Yale astronomer, recalled that the first planet found orbiting another sunlike star, a Jupiter-like giant, was discovered 20 years ago. Before that, she recalled, astronomers worried that “maybe the Star Trek picture of the universe was not right, and there is no life anywhere else.”

耶魯大學(xué)(Yale)天文學(xué)者德布拉·費(fèi)希爾(Debra Fischer)在回顧系外行星歷史時(shí)說(shuō)，第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)圍繞類(lèi)似太陽(yáng)的恒星運(yùn)行的行星是在20年前。這顆行星很像木星，體積巨大。她回憶道，在那之前，天文學(xué)者擔(dān)心“或許《星際迷航》(Star Trek)中的宇宙景象是不正確的，其他地方根本沒(méi)有生命”。

She termed the progress in the last two decades “incredibly moving.”

她表示，過(guò)去20年的進(jìn)步“十分驚人”。

So far, Kepler has discovered 4,175 potential planets, and 1,004 of them have been confirmed as real, according to Michele Johnson, a spokeswoman at NASA’s Ames Research Center, which operates Kepler.

負(fù)責(zé)運(yùn)行開(kāi)普勒的NASA艾姆斯研究中心(NASA Ames Research Center)的女發(fā)言人米歇爾·約翰遜(Michele Johnson)稱(chēng)，迄今，開(kāi)普勒已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了4175顆疑似行星，其中有1004顆已經(jīng)得到證實(shí)。

Most of them, however, including the new ones announced Tuesday, are hundreds of light-years away, too far for detailed study. We will probably never know any more about these particular planets than we do now, including whether anybody can or does live on them.

不過(guò)，它們中的大多數(shù)，其中包括周二宣布的新發(fā)現(xiàn)的行星都距離地球數(shù)百光年，因?yàn)樘h(yuǎn)，而不適合進(jìn)行詳細(xì)研究。我們對(duì)于這些特殊行星的了解，或許永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法比現(xiàn)在更多，其中包括人們是否能夠，以及是否有人在這些行星上生存。

“We can count as many as we like,” said Sara Seager, a planet theorist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was not involved in the new work, “but until we can observe the atmospheres and assess their greenhouse gas power, we don’t really know what the surface temperatures are like.”

“我們可以想數(shù)出多少就數(shù)出多少，”麻省理工學(xué)院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)MIT)的行星理論家薩拉·西格(Sara Seager)說(shuō)，“但在能夠觀(guān)察它們的大氣，評(píng)定它們的溫室氣體含量之前，我們無(wú)法真正了解它們的地表溫度。”她并沒(méi)有參與這項(xiàng)新研究。

Still, she added, “it’s heartening to have such a growing list.”

不過(guò)，她補(bǔ)充道，“這樣的行星越來(lái)越多，也很令人鼓舞。”

Finding Goldilocks planets closer to home will be the job of TESS, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, scheduled to be launched in 2017. But if we want to know what the weather is like on these worlds, whether there is water or even life there, more powerful instruments will be needed.

尋找離地球較近的適居帶行星將是凌日系外行星勘測(cè)人造衛(wèi)星(Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)TESS)的任務(wù)。這種衛(wèi)星將于2017年發(fā)射。但是，如果我們想知道這些行星上的天氣狀況、上面是否有水乃至生命，還需要更強(qiáng)大的工具。

Dr. Seager is heading a NASA study investigating the concept of a starshade, which would float in front of a space telescope and block light from a star so that its much fainter planets would be visible, the way a driver flips down a shade to block the glare of the sun.

西格正在負(fù)責(zé)一項(xiàng)研究遮星板(starshade)概念的NASA研究。這種遮星板將漂浮在太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡前方，遮擋恒星發(fā)出的光，這樣就能看見(jiàn)它比較暗淡的行星了，就像司機(jī)拉下遮陽(yáng)板擋住刺眼的陽(yáng)光那樣。

Another group, led by Karl Stapelfeldt of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, is studying the alternative method known as a coronagraph, in which the occulting disk is inside the telescope.

由NASA戈達(dá)德航天中心(Goddard Spaceflight Center)的卡爾·斯塔佩爾費(fèi)爾德特(Karl Stapelfeldt)所帶領(lǐng)的另一個(gè)小組正在研究被稱(chēng)作日冕儀(coronagraph)另一種辦法。根據(jù)這種辦法，擋板會(huì)被放在望遠(yuǎn)鏡里面。

Both studies are expected to be completed in the next couple of months, and could affect plans to repurpose a former spy telescope, a clone of sorts of the Hubble, that was bequeathed to NASA three years ago by the National Reconnaissance Office. Astronomers hope to launch it in the early 2020s to study dark energy, under the unwieldy name of Wfirst/Afta.They are planning for now to include a coronagraph to search for exoplanets, according to Paul Schechter of M.I.T., chairman of a design team. Depending on the probe’s orbit, said Dr. Seager, it could be also be made “starshade ready.”

兩項(xiàng)研究都有望在未來(lái)幾個(gè)月內(nèi)完成，它們可能影響到改變?cè)瓉?lái)的間諜望遠(yuǎn)鏡的使用目的的計(jì)劃。這種望遠(yuǎn)鏡是對(duì)哈勃(Hubble)望遠(yuǎn)鏡的一種復(fù)制，三年前由國(guó)家偵察局(National Reconnaissance Office)贈(zèng)送給NASA。天文學(xué)者希望能在本世紀(jì)20年代初將其發(fā)射升空，用來(lái)研究暗能量。它有個(gè)復(fù)雜的名字，叫做寬視場(chǎng)紅外巡天望遠(yuǎn)鏡/天體物理學(xué)專(zhuān)用資產(chǎn)(Wfirst/Afta)。某設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的主席、來(lái)自MIT的保羅·謝克特(Paul Schechter)表示，他們目前正計(jì)劃在上面安裝一臺(tái)日冕儀，用來(lái)搜索系外行星。西格說(shuō)，根據(jù)這個(gè)探測(cè)器的軌道，還可以對(duì)它進(jìn)行調(diào)整，使之“能夠使用遮星板”。

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, due for a 2018 launch, will have a coronagraph capable of seeing Jupiter-size planets, but it is too late to adapt it to a star shade.

NASA的詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠(yuǎn)鏡(James Webb Space Telescope)將于2018年發(fā)射，它上面也將安裝一臺(tái)能看到木星大小的行星的日冕儀，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)來(lái)不及對(duì)它進(jìn)行調(diào)整，使它能使用遮星板。