歐元區(qū)物價(jià)指數(shù)下降引發(fā)通縮擔(dān)憂

Prices Fall and Worry Escalates in the Eurozone

歐元區(qū)物價(jià)指數(shù)下降引發(fā)通縮擔(dān)憂

PARIS — Europe’s economy has reached a psychological inflection point.

巴黎——歐洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)到了一個(gè)心理轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。

On Wednesday, an official report showed that consumer prices in the eurozone fell 0.2 percent in December from a year earlier, the first time they have turned negative since the dark days of the global financial crisis in 2009.

周三，一份官方報(bào)告表明，歐元區(qū)12月的消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)同比下降0.2%，是自2009年全球金融危機(jī)的黑暗歲月以來首次出現(xiàn)負(fù)增長。

It is an outcome that economists have been predicting for more than a year and a trend that has long been complicating Europe’s recovery.

在一年多的時(shí)間里，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直預(yù)測會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種局面，而且這種趨勢也不斷在讓歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的復(fù)蘇過程變得復(fù)雜。

Now, the latest data is adding concerns that Europe is headed for a new financial and economic crisis. Unemployment remains persistently high. The euro has been particularly weak. And the political upheaval in Greece is prompting talk about the stability of the 19-country euro currency union.

如今，這些最新數(shù)據(jù)讓人們更加擔(dān)心，歐洲正面臨著一場新的金融和經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)。失業(yè)率居高不下，歐元?jiǎng)t是尤其疲軟。此外，希臘的政治動(dòng)蕩也引發(fā)了對(duì)有19個(gè)成員國的歐元區(qū)的穩(wěn)定性的討論。

With the outlook deteriorating, pressure is mounting for the European Central Bank take more aggressive action to avoid a downward price spiral that could undermine the economy for years to come. Top officials have already been signaling that they could announce a major bond-buying program later this month.

隨著前景惡化，歐洲央行(European Central Bank)也面臨著越來越大的壓力，需要采取更激進(jìn)的措施來避免消費(fèi)價(jià)格持續(xù)下跌，從而不給經(jīng)濟(jì)造成持續(xù)數(shù)年的破壞。高層官員已經(jīng)表示，他們很可能會(huì)在本月晚些時(shí)候，宣布一項(xiàng)重要的債券購買計(jì)劃。

But the question raised by many economists is whether the European Central Bank has waited too long to act, and whether its arsenal is powerful enough to address the eurozone’s fundamental problem — a dearth of demand from businesses and consumers for goods and services. Even the bank’s president, Mario Draghi, has said that it alone cannot shoulder the burden of restarting growth.

但是，許多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的問題是，歐洲央行是否等待了太久才采取行動(dòng)，它的措施又是否足夠強(qiáng)大，能夠解決歐元區(qū)的根本問題——企業(yè)和消費(fèi)者對(duì)商品和服務(wù)缺乏需求。就連央行行長馬里奧·德拉吉(Mario Draghi)都說，央行無法獨(dú)立承擔(dān)重啟增長的責(zé)任。

“The eurozone is suffering from a profound malaise,” said Simon Tilford, deputy director of the Center for European Reform, a think tank in London. “It’s already in a deflationary trap of the kind we saw in Japan in the 1990s, but it’s less well equipped than the Japanese to deal with it,” he added, citing the institutional challenges of managing a currency bloc of 19 nations.

“歐元區(qū)極其萎靡不振，”倫敦智庫歐洲改革中心(Center for European Reform)的副主任西蒙·蒂爾福德(Simon Tilford)說。“它已經(jīng)陷入了我們上世紀(jì)90年代在日本看到的那種通縮陷阱，但是在應(yīng)對(duì)這個(gè)陷阱的問題上，它的準(zhǔn)備沒有日本那么充分，”他補(bǔ)充道，指出了管理由19個(gè)國家組成的貨幣集團(tuán)需要面對(duì)的制度上的挑戰(zhàn)。

The situation in Europe does not appear to meet the classical definition of deflation, a widespread, protracted and self-sustaining decline in prices. And the continued global collapse of crude oil prices contributed significantly to the decline, blurring somewhat the implications of the inflation report for the 19-country euro currency union.

歐洲的情況似乎并不符合通縮的傳統(tǒng)定義，即消費(fèi)價(jià)格出現(xiàn)大范圍、長期的、具有內(nèi)生動(dòng)力的下跌。而且，原油價(jià)格在國際市場的持續(xù)暴跌也對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退產(chǎn)生了重大影響，這個(gè)由19國組成的歐元貨幣聯(lián)盟的通脹報(bào)告的意義也由此在某種程度上變得模糊不清。

But the trend is dangerous. The low inflation environment was already a signal of a listless economy, with consumers spending little despite low prices and companies having scant incentive to invest in their businesses.

然而，這種趨勢是危險(xiǎn)的。低通脹的環(huán)境已經(jīng)預(yù)示了疲軟的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況，雖然物價(jià)低廉，消費(fèi)者的支出仍然很少，公司也缺乏對(duì)業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)行投資的動(dòng)力。

If prices actually fall for an extended period, consumers might delay purchase in hopes of getting a better deal later, and businesses would see little reason to make products that would be worth less with each passing month.

倘若消費(fèi)價(jià)格長時(shí)間下跌，消費(fèi)者可能會(huì)因?yàn)橄Ｍ院竽芸吹礁鼊澦愕膬r(jià)格而推遲購買商品的時(shí)間。既然產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格不斷在降低，企業(yè)也就覺得沒有什么制造產(chǎn)品的理由。

"We’re not yet in a self-sustaining spiral,” said Gilles Moec, chief European economist at Bank of America in London. “But we’re close.”

“我們還沒有陷入一個(gè)具有內(nèi)生動(dòng)力的漩渦，”美銀美林(Bank of America Merrill Lynch)倫敦辦公室的首席歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家吉勒·莫?？?Gilles Moëc)說。“但我們正在接近它。”

The labor market provides one illustration of what makes Europe’s situation particularly complicated to fix.

勞動(dòng)力市場從一個(gè)方面說明了為何歐洲的情況會(huì)特別復(fù)雜，難以修復(fù)。

A separate official report on Wednesday showed that the eurozone jobless rate remained at 11.5 percent in November, around the level at which it has been for the last year. But overall numbers don’t give a complete picture of what’s happening in each country, where fortunes are diverging.

周三的另一份官方報(bào)告顯示，歐元區(qū)11月的失業(yè)率仍為11.5%，與去年的水平差不多。但是，總體數(shù)據(jù)并不能詳細(xì)說明每個(gè)國家的具體情況，而每個(gè)國家的形勢各不相同。

In Germany, which has the bloc’s biggest economy, unemployment fell to 6.4 percent in December from 6.5 percent in November. But in the second- and third-largest of the eurozone economies, France and Italy, the jobless rates climbed, with Italian unemployment reaching a new high of 13.4 percent.

德國是歐元區(qū)最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，12月，其失業(yè)率從11月的6.5%下降到6.4%。但是在第二和第三大的歐元區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)體——法國和意大利——失業(yè)率卻出現(xiàn)攀升，意大利的失業(yè)率達(dá)到13.4%，創(chuàng)歷史新高。

And in Greece and Spain, about a quarter of the population remains without work, a level consistent with economic depression.

在希臘和西班牙，大約四分之一的人口仍然沒有工作，與經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的水平一致。

Analysts said on Wednesday that it was now a certainty that the European Central Bank would announce aggressive new measures when it meets in Frankfurt on Jan. 22. They expect the central bank to say it is ready to begin effectively printing money that it would use to buy eurozone government bonds, even if it does not put the measures into practice for several months.

分析人士周三表示，現(xiàn)在可以肯定，歐洲央行1月22日在法蘭克福碰頭的時(shí)候會(huì)宣布積極的新措施。他們希望央行能夠表示，已準(zhǔn)備好開始采取相當(dāng)于印鈔的行動(dòng)，并借此購買歐元區(qū)國家的政府債券，即便它在未來幾個(gè)月里都不會(huì)馬上推行此類措施。

In doing so, the bank would follow an unconventional policy similar to the quantitative easing used by the Federal Reserve to stimulate the American economy.

假如這樣做了，歐洲央行將遵循的政策會(huì)一反常態(tài)，與美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)(Federal Reserve)用于刺激美國經(jīng)濟(jì)的量化寬松類似。

But quantitative easing is a divisive issue in Europe because of questions about how to allocate the bond buying among eurozone countries, and who would pay if a government defaulted on bonds held by the central bank. That uncertainty is a main reason that Germany does not want to put its taxpayers at risk of having to bail out the bloc’s weaker neighbors.

不過，由于存在一些問題，量化寬松在歐洲爭議極大。這些問題包括：如何在歐元區(qū)國家中間分配債券購買額?以及萬一央行持有的債券遭一國違約的話將由誰來埋單?德國之所以不愿意將本國納稅人置于援助歐元區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)較弱的鄰國的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之中，一個(gè)主要原因正是源于這種不確定性。

The central bank has an official goal of trying to keep inflation at just below 2 percent, which it considers an optimal level for a healthy economy. But the bank has not met that target in two years.

歐洲央行設(shè)立了將通脹率保持在略低于2%的官方目標(biāo)，并認(rèn)為這是經(jīng)濟(jì)健康的最佳水平。不過，該行已兩年未能達(dá)到這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Japan’s experience in the 1990s showed that traditional monetary policy instruments are largely ineffective with nominal interest rates at zero, as they essentially are now in the eurozone.

日本在上世紀(jì)90年代的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，在名義利率為零的情況下，傳統(tǒng)的貨幣政策工具基本不奏效。目前在歐元區(qū)，名義利率基本上就是零。

Another way to address the problem might be for eurozone countries to drop their insistence on balancing budgets and to instead use tax cuts and public spending to create demand.

應(yīng)對(duì)這一問題的另一種方式或許是，歐元區(qū)國家放下對(duì)平衡預(yù)算的執(zhí)念，轉(zhuǎn)而用減稅和增加公共開支的方式來創(chuàng)造需求。

So far, though, European officials appear to be holding their course.

不過，到目前為止，歐洲各國的官員似乎還在沿著既定路線走。

“Yes, the eurozone is going through a period of low inflation,” Jeroen Dijsselbloem, the Dutch finance minister and president of the Eurogroup of eurozone finance officials, said in a statement in response to a New York Times query. “But one of the most important reasons for the current low inflation rate is the falling oil price. Core inflation — excluding oil prices — has recently slightly increased.”

“的確，歐元區(qū)正在經(jīng)歷低通脹期，”荷蘭財(cái)政部長杰倫·戴塞爾布盧姆(Jeroen Dijsselbloem)在接到《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》問詢后做出此番聲明。他同時(shí)擔(dān)任歐元區(qū)財(cái)長組成的歐元集團(tuán)(Eurogroup)的主席。“不過，引發(fā)當(dāng)前低通脹率的最重要的一個(gè)原因是不斷下滑的油價(jià)。刨去油價(jià)的核心通脹率近期略有抬升。”

The core inflation rate, which excludes energy and food prices, ticked up to 0.8 percent in December from 0.7 percent the month before, according to Wednesday’s data.

核心通脹率不計(jì)算能源與食品價(jià)格。根據(jù)周三公布的數(shù)據(jù)，12月份的核心通脹率從頭一個(gè)月的0.7%升至0.8%。

The German government of Chancellor Angela Merkel, which has taken a tough line against coordinated economic stimulus, indicated that the latest data had not altered its thinking. A spokesman for the Finance Ministry said in Berlin on Wednesday that Germany would not revise its analysis that there was no risk of deflation in the country. That statement came despite a report on Monday showing that German consumer prices rose 0.1 percent last month.

德國總理安格拉·默克爾(Angela Merkel)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的政府一直對(duì)協(xié)同性的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激措施采取強(qiáng)硬立場。她放出信號(hào)，表明最新的數(shù)據(jù)并未改變自身的想法。周三，德國財(cái)政部的一名發(fā)言人在柏林表示，不會(huì)修改關(guān)于本國并未面臨通縮風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的評(píng)估結(jié)論。這一聲明出臺(tái)的背景是，周一的一份報(bào)告顯示，德國的消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)上月僅增長了0.1%。

Consumer prices in the eurozone had not contracted on an annual basis since October 2009, when the slack global economy made the bottom fall out of the market for oil and other commodities. December’s negative rate was down from the 0.3 percent increase in November.

自2009年10月以來，歐元區(qū)的消費(fèi)物價(jià)指數(shù)就沒有出現(xiàn)過同比降低的情況。那時(shí)，疲軟的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)導(dǎo)致原油和其他大宗商品價(jià)格跌入谷底。去年12月的數(shù)據(jù)從11月的上揚(yáng)0.3%轉(zhuǎn)為了負(fù)增長。

Well before eurozone consumer prices tipped below zero, the region’s low inflation rate had been raising alarms.

在歐元區(qū)消費(fèi)價(jià)格指數(shù)的增長率下探到負(fù)數(shù)之前，該地區(qū)的低通脹率早就拉響了警報(bào)。

Economists with the International Monetary Fund warned early last year that the difference between ultralow inflation, which they called lowflation, and outright deflation was mainly a matter of degrees, as the weak price pressures could “scupper the nascent recovery and pressure the most fragile countries.”

去年初，國際貨幣基金組織(International Monetary Fund)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們警告，超低通脹——他們的用詞是“低通脹”(lowflation)——與真正的通縮之間主要的區(qū)別在于程度高低，而疲軟的價(jià)格壓力可能會(huì)“讓剛剛出現(xiàn)的復(fù)蘇泡湯，并令最脆弱的那些國家承壓”。