客機(jī)為何不實(shí)時(shí)傳輸飛行數(shù)據(jù)?成本是問(wèn)題

Cost a Factor in Streaming Flight Data in Real Time

客機(jī)為何不實(shí)時(shí)傳輸飛行數(shù)據(jù)?成本是問(wèn)題

The crash of a German passenger jet in the French Alps has once again raised the question of whether commercial airplanes should transmit flight information in real time.

發(fā)生于法國(guó)境內(nèi)阿爾卑斯山脈的德國(guó)客機(jī)墜毀事故，再一次提出了民航飛機(jī)是否應(yīng)該實(shí)時(shí)傳送飛行信息的問(wèn)題。

Investigators in France are trying to figure out why the pilots of the Germanwings Airbus A320 jet remained silent for nearly 10 minutes as their plane descended from its cruising altitude of 37,000 feet and crashed into a mountain on Tuesday. All 144 passengers and six crew members died, according to local authorities.

法國(guó)調(diào)查人員正在試圖弄清，周二當(dāng)飛機(jī)從37000英尺(約合11300米)的巡航高度下降，直至撞擊山脈的過(guò)程中，為何德國(guó)之翼 (Germanwings)的這架空客A320飛機(jī)的駕駛員，有將近10分鐘時(shí)間完全保持沉默。據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)卣Q，144名乘客和6名機(jī)組成員全部喪生。

Investigators also said that the memory card from the plane’s other so-called black box, the flight data recorder, was missing, leaving them without reliable information, for now, on the plane’s altitude, speed and location.

調(diào)查人員還表示，這架飛機(jī)的另一個(gè)“黑匣子”飛行數(shù)據(jù)記錄儀的存儲(chǔ)卡尚未找到，導(dǎo)致目前沒(méi)有關(guān)于飛機(jī)飛行高速、速度及位置的可靠信息。

The crash comes as the aviation industry, regulators and pilots have been grappling with the question of real-time flight monitoring, particularly since the disappearance last year of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370. In 2009, the crash of Air France Flight 447 in the Atlantic highlighted the shortcomings of the existing technology after it took search teams two years to locate the plane’s black boxes.

這場(chǎng)空難發(fā)生之際，航空業(yè)、監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)及飛機(jī)駕駛員正在為實(shí)時(shí)航班監(jiān)控問(wèn)題爭(zhēng)執(zhí)不休，這個(gè)問(wèn)題自去年馬航370航班失蹤以來(lái)尤其受到了關(guān)注。2009年，法航447航班在大西洋墜毀后，搜救隊(duì)花了兩年時(shí)間才找到飛機(jī)的黑匣子，突顯了現(xiàn)有技術(shù)的缺陷。

Regulators and airlines are weighing whether the cost of the extra technology needed for such monitoring would be justified given the fact that airline crashes have become increasingly rare. Last year was the safest year on record for commercial flight.

由于飛機(jī)墜毀事故越來(lái)越少見(jiàn)，監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和航空公司正在權(quán)衡，這類監(jiān)控所需的附加技術(shù)的成本是否合理。去年是有記錄以來(lái)，民航飛行最安全的一年。

Still, the crash Tuesday has revived the question of whether pilots should be videotaped during flight.

然而，周二的空難再次提出了一個(gè)問(wèn)題：飛行期間是否應(yīng)該對(duì)駕駛員錄像?

This year, the National Transportation Safety Board endorsed the use of cockpit videos as one of eight recommendations to help investigators and emergency medical workers react faster to accidents.

今年，作為八項(xiàng)旨在幫助調(diào)查人員和急救工作者更快應(yīng)對(duì)事故的建議之一，駕駛艙錄像得到了美國(guó)國(guó)家運(yùn)輸安全委員會(huì)(National Transportation Safety Board)的支持。

The safety agency said that all flight data and cockpit voice recorders should have a tamper-resistant mode to broadcast to a ground station enough information to establish a crash site within about seven miles. In practice, this could include either a recorder that would eject at impact or some form of data streaming.

運(yùn)輸安全委員會(huì)表示，所有飛行數(shù)據(jù)和駕駛艙聲音記錄裝置，都應(yīng)該有一種防破壞模式，向地面接收站傳送足夠多的信息，從而確定失事地點(diǎn)，并將誤差控制在方圓7英里(約合11公里)以內(nèi)。在實(shí)際操作中，要么需要包含一個(gè)受到撞擊時(shí)彈出的記錄儀，要么需要發(fā)出某種形式的數(shù)據(jù)流。

It also called for low-frequency devices that can broadcast their location for 90 days; such “pings” are already embedded in two black boxes, but their batteries are required to last only 30 days and their range is limited.

委員會(huì)還呼吁，裝配能播報(bào)地點(diǎn)長(zhǎng)達(dá)90天的低頻設(shè)備。發(fā)射這種“ping信號(hào)”的信標(biāo)已經(jīng)嵌入了兩個(gè)黑匣子，但現(xiàn)有規(guī)章只要求其電池續(xù)航30天，而且其信號(hào)覆蓋范圍也有限。

Airlines have argued, however, that real-life monitoring and the transmission of thousands of flight parameters would be too onerous given the number of flights a day and the volume of data that would have to be collected.

然而，航空公司辯稱，考慮到每天航班的數(shù)量及需要收集的數(shù)據(jù)量，實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)控和傳送幾千個(gè)飛機(jī)參數(shù)的工作量將過(guò)于繁重。

While modern planes often have sophisticated satellite communications equipment, they are not required to broadcast their position in real time to air traffic controllers. In these cases, airlines require pilots to send satellite messages or radio their position at set periods.

現(xiàn)代飛機(jī)雖然通常配備精密的衛(wèi)星通訊設(shè)備，但不需要向空中交通管制實(shí)時(shí)播報(bào)位置。在這種情況下，航空公司要求駕駛員定期發(fā)送衛(wèi)星信息，或用無(wú)線電通訊匯報(bào)位置。

But this also means that planes flying over oceans or in areas where radar coverage is scarce can vanish from view. This explains why finding Air France Flight 447 was so challenging. Few in the industry expected that another plane would ever disappear entirely and never be found, as has been the case with the Malaysian jet.

但這同時(shí)意味著，位于大洋上空或雷達(dá)覆蓋稀少區(qū)域的飛機(jī)可以從視野中蒸發(fā)。這就解釋了為什么尋找法航447航班的過(guò)程如此艱難。業(yè)內(nèi)少有人預(yù)料到，另一架飛機(jī)會(huì)完全消失，再也無(wú)法找到，失蹤的馬航客機(jī)就是這樣。

The Air Line Pilots Association, the largest pilot union in the country, is opposed to the use of “cockpit image recorders,” saying that they are an invasion of privacy and that existing technology provides ample information about what happens on a plane.

航空公司飛行員協(xié)會(huì)(Air Line Pilots Association)——該國(guó)最大的飛行員工會(huì)——反對(duì)使用“駕駛艙圖像記錄儀”，稱它們侵犯隱私，并稱現(xiàn)有技術(shù)已提供了足夠多的信息記錄飛機(jī)上發(fā)生的事情。