Recording Two
錄音二
"Stereotype" may sound like a bad word, but there's nothing bad about it.
"刻板印象"聽(tīng)起來(lái)像個(gè)壞詞，但這個(gè)詞并沒(méi)什么不好的。
For one thing, stereotypes are often accurate.
首先，刻板印象通常很準(zhǔn)確。
When you ask people about their concept of stereotypes, they get it pretty much right.
你向人們?cè)儐?wèn)對(duì)某些刻板印象的看法，他們會(huì)給出準(zhǔn)確回答。
Also, stereotypes are often positive, particularly of groups that we ourselves belong to.
而且，刻板印象通常是正面的，尤其是描述我們所屬的群體時(shí)。
Some of the statistical generalizations may be positive as some groups have reputations forbeing smart, for being loyal, for being brave, for all sorts of things that are not at all negative.
一些統(tǒng)計(jì)概括可能很正面，如某些團(tuán)體以聰明聞名，或以勇敢聞名，或以其他各種積極的品質(zhì)聞名。
And so there's nothing inherently wrong about stereotypes.
所以刻板印象本身沒(méi)什么不對(duì)。
But there are problems with stereotypes.
但刻板印象還是存在一些問(wèn)題。
For one thing, they're reliable insofar as they're based on unbiased samples.
首先，如若基于無(wú)偏樣本，那么這些刻板印象就很可靠。
But a lot of the information we get about human groups is through biased sources like howthey're represented in the media.
但是，我們用以了解人群的很多信息來(lái)源都存在偏見(jiàn)，比如媒體呈現(xiàn)不同人群的方式存在偏差。
And if these sources don't give you an accurate depiction, your stereotype won't beaccurate.
并且，如果這些來(lái)源不給準(zhǔn)確的描述，那么你形成的刻板印象也不會(huì)準(zhǔn)確。
For example, many Jews have been troubled by Shakespeare's depiction of Shylock.
例如，莎士比亞對(duì)商人夏洛克的描寫(xiě)對(duì)很多猶太人造成了困擾。
If the only Jew you know is Shakespeare's Shylock, it's going to be a very bad impression.
如果你只認(rèn)識(shí)莎翁筆下的夏洛克一個(gè)猶太人，那么猶太人給你留下的印象可真是糟透了。
So one problem with stereotypes is while we are good at drawing conclusions from them, oftenour information isn't reliable.
所以刻板印象的一個(gè)問(wèn)題在于，我們很擅長(zhǎng)基于刻板印象下結(jié)論，而我們的信息來(lái)源通常不太可靠。
A second problem is that stereotypes, regardless of whether or not they're accurate, can havea negative effect on the people that they apply to.
刻板印象的另一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，無(wú)論是否準(zhǔn)確，刻板印象都會(huì)對(duì)適用人群產(chǎn)生不好的影響。
And this is what psychologist, Claude Steele, described as stereotype threat.
這就是心理學(xué)家克勞德·斯蒂爾描述的刻板印象威脅。
He has a vivid example of this.
他對(duì)此舉了個(gè)生動(dòng)的例子。
Here's how to make African-Americans do worse on a math test.
要讓美國(guó)黑人數(shù)學(xué)考得更差，這里有個(gè)辦法。
You have the test and you put on the test that they have to identify their race.
你進(jìn)行考試，并在試卷上迫使他們指出自己的種族。
The very act of acknowledging that they are African-American when given a test ignites in themthoughts of their own stereotype, which is negative regarding academics and that makesthem do worse.
他們考試時(shí)承認(rèn)自己是美國(guó)黑人，恰是這一行為激發(fā)了內(nèi)心關(guān)于黑人的刻板印象，認(rèn)為黑人學(xué)術(shù)水平不行，從而導(dǎo)致他們考得差。
Want to know how to make a woman do worse on a math test?
想知道怎么讓女性數(shù)學(xué)考得更差?
Same thing, get her to write down her sex.
一樣的方法，讓她寫(xiě)下自己的性別。
One recent study found a sort of clever twist on this.
最近一項(xiàng)研究讓這一話(huà)題有了巧妙轉(zhuǎn)折。
When Asian-American women are given a test and they're asked to mark down their race, theydo better than they would otherwise do.
美籍亞裔女性考試時(shí)按要求寫(xiě)下種族，會(huì)比不寫(xiě)考得更好。
They're reminded of a positive stereotype that boosts their morale.
他們想起了正面的刻板印象，得到了鼓舞。
You ask them, on the other hand, to mark down their sex, they do worse because they arereminded of a negative stereotype.
但是，若你要求他們寫(xiě)下性別，因?yàn)樗麄兿肫鹆素?fù)面的刻板印象，所以會(huì)考得差。
That's an example of how stereotypes have a potentially damaging effect on people.
這便是刻板印象對(duì)人們存在潛在傷害的例子。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.
請(qǐng)根據(jù)你剛剛聽(tīng)到的對(duì)話(huà)回答問(wèn)題19至問(wèn)題22。
19. What does the speaker say about stereotypes?
問(wèn)題19：關(guān)于刻板印象說(shuō)話(huà)者談了些什么?
20. What leads to the bias of stereotypes?
問(wèn)題20：什么導(dǎo)致了刻板印象的偏見(jiàn)?
21. What does the speaker say is a problem with stereotypes?
問(wèn)題21：說(shuō)話(huà)者提到刻板印象存在什么問(wèn)題?
22. What did one recent study find about stereotypes?
問(wèn)題22：最近研究關(guān)于刻板印象有了什么發(fā)現(xiàn)?
