英語(yǔ)沙龍十年合集珍藏版第三輯Is Gm Food1) Safe To Eat?
Is Gm Food1) Safe To Eat?
Traditional plant breeding involve s crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally．For example，disease－resistant2) varieties of wheat have been crossed with high－yield wheat to combine these properties．This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable3)．
Genetic engineering（GE）involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other．GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species――e．g．putting scorpion4) toxin5) genes into maize6) or fish antifreeze7) genes into tomatoes．It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin――but what other effects may it have in this alien environment？We are already seeing this problem――adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow――but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross－eyed，which was entirely unpredictable．
It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA――but what side－effect would it have？In other words，is GM food safe to eat？The answer is that nobody knows because long－term tests have not been carried out．
Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests．Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for１０weeks before being approved．There was no requirement for independent testing，for long－term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic8) people．
The current position of the UK Government is that“There is no evidence of long－term dangers from GM foods．”In the US，the American Food and Drug Administration is currently being prosecuted9) for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods．
食品轉(zhuǎn)基因食品安全嗎？
傳統(tǒng)的植物培育方法，是依照植物自然雜交的方式，進(jìn)行相同物種的人工雜交。比如，抗病小麥同高產(chǎn)小麥雜交，形成了一種具有雙重特性的新的小麥品種。這種自然的基因交換既安全，又具有相當(dāng)?shù)目深A(yù)見(jiàn)性。
基因工程是在彼此毫無(wú)關(guān)系的物種之間，相互交換在自然條件下無(wú)法交換的基因。它可在有巨大差異的物種之間進(jìn)行基因交換。比如，將蝎子毒素基因注入玉米，或者將魚(yú)防凍基因注入西紅柿。即使在玉米DNA中，蝎子毒素基因依然可能獲得有機(jī)組織產(chǎn)生蝎子毒素。但是在這種異質(zhì)的環(huán)境中，這種基因產(chǎn)品會(huì)有什么其他作用嗎？我們實(shí)際上已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題：將人類生長(zhǎng)荷爾蒙基因植入豬的體內(nèi)，一定會(huì)使豬的生長(zhǎng)加速，但是同時(shí)也使豬患上了關(guān)節(jié)炎和內(nèi)斜視，而這一切是完全無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)的。
打個(gè)比方，人類的智力基因顯而易見(jiàn)在人體DNA內(nèi)和注入卷心菜DNA后的作用是不同的。但將它植入卷心菜中會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么樣的副作用呢？換句話說(shuō)，食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品安全嗎？沒(méi)有人知道答案，因?yàn)槿藗兩形催M(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期的測(cè)試。
在英國(guó)或者美國(guó)，一個(gè)公司如果希望其轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品獲得批準(zhǔn)，它必須向管理機(jī)構(gòu)提供本公司轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品安全測(cè)試的結(jié)果。Monsanto的大豆在獲得批準(zhǔn)之前，曾用了１０周時(shí)間進(jìn)行喂魚(yú)試驗(yàn)。目前，尚無(wú)要求對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行獨(dú)立測(cè)試、長(zhǎng)期測(cè)試、人體測(cè)試，或者就其對(duì)兒童及過(guò)敏者所造成的特定危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行測(cè)試。
英國(guó)政府目前的態(tài)度是：“尚無(wú)證據(jù)表明食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品存在長(zhǎng)期性的危險(xiǎn)。”在美國(guó)，人們正在起訴美國(guó)食品藥品管理局掩蓋轉(zhuǎn)基因食品安全性的研究結(jié)果，這些研究結(jié)果表明，食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品可能導(dǎo)致危險(xiǎn)。
NOTE 注釋：
GM food 轉(zhuǎn)基因食品
disease-resistant [di5zi:z ri5zistEnt] adj. 抗病的
predictable [prI5dIktEb(E)l] adj. 可預(yù)見(jiàn)的
scorpion [5skC:piEn] n. [動(dòng)]蝎子
toxin [5tCksin] n. [生化][生]毒素，毒素
maize [meiz] n. 玉米
antifreeze [5Anti5fri:z] n. <美>[化]防凍劑
allergic [E5lE:dVik] adj. [醫(yī)]過(guò)敏的, 患過(guò)敏癥的
prosecute [5prCsikju:t] vt. 起訴
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