名師解讀：雅思議論文中的“三明治”結構

朗閣廈門培訓中心  黃志賢

　　寫雅思大作文就如同在建筑一座大樓一般。首先是進行大樓結構設計，然后再進行實際的建筑工程，最后經(jīng)過裝修而成為耐用而漂亮的大樓。良好的結構對于大樓的實用以及美觀有著非常重要的作用。同樣道理，良好的作文結構也將提高文章的質(zhì)量和成績。從一定意義上來說，優(yōu)秀的作文結構可以使內(nèi)容條理清晰易懂，還可以彌補語言表達上的不足。

　　議論文的整體結構

　　朗閣雅思專家認為，一篇好的議論文一般由三個部分構成，分別是導語段(Introduction)，主體段落(Body)與總結段(Conclusion)。這個結構很像三明治，其中導語段與總結段就像最上層和最下層的面包，而主體段落為論證段，相對較為重要，就像三明治中間的肉和菜。其結構如下圖所示：

　　Introduction

　　Body

　　Conclusion

　　通常情況下按照實際的需要，中間的主體部分(Body)又可以分成二到四個段落，其結構圖分別如下：

　　Introduction

　　Body Paragraph 1

　　Body Paragraph 2

　　Body Paragraph 3*

　　Body Paragraph 4*

　　Conclusion

　　(注：*段落視需要而增加)

　　由于導語段中最重要部分是中心句(Thesis statement)，它是全文的立足點，決定文章的發(fā)展方向，覆蓋全文；段落主題句(Topic sentence)是每一段的重點，覆蓋各自所在的段落。因此，我們可以通過思考后得出議論文的中心句(Thesis statement)以及各主體段落主題句(Topic sentence)。此外，為求達到全文的統(tǒng)一性(Unity)和連貫性(Coherence)， 考生們應當合理地安排中心句和各段的主題句的關系，使得中心句覆蓋全文，使得各段的主題句很好地支持著中心句。如果中心句沒有覆蓋主題句，說明正文偏題了。如果中心句超過主題句，剛說明內(nèi)容有遺漏，或者說內(nèi)容不夠全面。中心句各段的主題句的關系情況可由下面三張圖表示：

　　Thesis Statement

　　Topic Sentence 1

　　Topic Sentence 2

　　Topic Sentence 3*

　　Conclusion

　　Thesis Statement

　　Topic Sentence 1

　　Topic Sentence 2

　　Topic Sentence 3*

　　Conclusion

　　Thesis Statement

　　Topic Sentence 1

　　Topic Sentence 2

　　Topic Sentence 3*

　　Conclusion

　　其中，第一張圖顯示了正文內(nèi)容超過了中心句內(nèi)容；第二張圖則相反；第三張圖中正文內(nèi)容與中心句題才是相吻合的。(*號表示在雙邊型結構的文章中沒有主體段的第三段。)

　　接下來我們通過實例來了解中心句， 主題句與總結段的布置。比如：

　　Topic1: Is it not necessary to learn the skill of cooking due to the success of convenience food and read-made meals?

　　Thesis statement: But in my opinion, cooking is a very important ability we should not lose。

　　Topic sentence 1: First of all, the fact is that ready-made meals are not usually that good for us。

　　Topic sentence 2: Moreover, it is extremely important for children to learn how to cook, so that they will be fully independent when they grow up。

　　Topic sentence 3: Speaking personally, I have always enjoyed experimenting in the kitchen, by cooking slightly unconventional meals。

　　Conclusion: In conclusion, although some use of convenience food is natural, no one should rely on it exclusively at the expense of home-cooked food. Not only is this unhealthy but it is also threatening important skills with extinction。

　　Topic 2: Who should be responsible for our old people?

　　Thesis statement: In my essay I would like to note four different models。

　　Topic sentence 1: Firstly, the company can be responsible for their retired employees。

　　Topic sentence 2: A second solution is that the government has to have the responsibility for the old people’s care。

　　Topic sentence 3: Another way of solving this problem is to give back the responsibility to the individual。

　　Topic sentence 4: A last solution is to go back to the old model of the big family who cares for all their members。

　　Conclusion: To sum up I have to admit that I can’t find a really good solution for this problem. All models have advantages and disadvantages. Certainly we will have to go on thinking。

　　Topic3: Should students in high school study music as a compulsory school subject?

　　Thesis statement: While some think the study of music in high school is a waste of valuable school time, musical training and study is an important part of educational development。

　　Topic sentence 1: It is true that when it comes to the study and application of music, not everyone is suited。

　　Topic sentence 2: On the other hand, it is quite well-known that music can play an important part in the development of the human brain。

　　Conclusion: While not every student may be musically inclined, the study of music is a valuable inclusion in any student’s course of study. In addition to being excellent for mental growth and development, students of music learn discipline, persistence and patience. Music should be a compulsory part of a high school student’s education。

　　議論文的段落結構

　　與議論文的整體結構布置相類似，在段落的寫作中我們也用“三明治”結構來進行寫作，即把段落分為主題句(Topic Sentence)，支持部分(Supporting Sentences)和結尾句部分(Concluding Sentences)。(注意：并不是每個段落都一定要有結尾句，重要地是要讓這個段落自然地結束，不能給讀者留下話還沒有說完的感覺。)段落結構如下圖如示：

　　PARAGRAPH

　　Topic Sentence

　　Supporting Sentences

　　Concluding Sentence

　　接下來我們通過實例來了解主題句，支持句與總結句的布置。比如：

　　1. Topic Sentence: First of all, the fact is that ready-made meals are not usually that good for us。

　　Supporting Sentences: They contain high levels of salt and sugar, not to mention harmful preservatives and artificial colorants。

　　Concluding Sentence: Therefore, a diet that is exclusively made up of such food is bound to be unhealthy。

　　2. Topic sentence: Teenagers find many ways to drive their parents crazy。

　　Supporting Sentence 1: First, they may dye their hair purple or they may shave their heads bald. They may also shred their new and expensive jeans and sit hours after hours in front of computers playing games or chatting with someone they never see。

　　Supporting Sentence 2: In addition, they spend hours windowing-shopping and on the phone. They have time to watch TV, but they do not have time to do their homework。

　　Supporting Sentence 3: Also, they are always too busy to clean their rooms, but they are never too busy to hang around in the streets。

　　Concluding Sentence: It is hard to be a teenager, but it is even harder to be parent of one。

　　3. Topic Sentence: In the second place, corporal punishment is by no means a desirable way of education a child。

　　Supporting Sentence 1: Numerous studies have shown that it does far more harm than good to children in their mental as well as physical development。

　　Supporting Sentence 2: For example, corporal punishment can give a child a sense of being treated unfairly, making him rebellious。

　　Concluding Sentence: This will be detrimental to the molding of the child’s character, and therefore should be avoided。

　　通過以上例子，我們可以清楚地把握雅思議論文結構(三明治結構)，并可以通過練習一些雅思作文題目加以模仿，使得所寫的文章結構良好，內(nèi)容清晰、易讀。良好的結構，清晰易讀的內(nèi)容也是好作文的一些特點。另外，朗閣雅思專家建議考生在詳細地學會如何發(fā)展段落以及組織整篇文章之后，可以把更多的時間放在對一系列?？紝懽髟掝}“腦力震蕩”上，即盡量地準備更多話題的相關地ideas來組織論據(jù)。