中級美國英語虛擬語氣（一）
一.本課要點及示例
在這一課里, 我們學(xué)習(xí)用助動詞 should 和 could 加上 have再加上動詞的過去分詞作句子來表示跟過去事實相反的情況, 比方 "你昨天不應(yīng)該開他的車."You shouldn't have driven his car yesterday. 或是"我本來可以到超級市場去."I could have gone to the supermarket. 我們還要學(xué)習(xí)用助動詞 might 或是 must加上have 和動詞的過去分詞來表示猜測過去發(fā)生的事情, 比方 "他昨天可能說了." He might have said it yesterday. 或是 "他昨天一定到過這兒了." He must have been here yesterday.
現(xiàn)在我們還是先聽一段對話,內(nèi)容是說瑪麗和彼得到飯館去吃飯, 結(jié)果彼得肚子不舒服. 請你注意聽兩位英文老師的發(fā)音和語調(diào).
M: Mary, I don't feel too well. I have a stomach ache.
F: Well, you shouldn't have eaten all that pizza.
M: I didn't have that much. Besides it might have been something else that I ate.
F: What else did you eat?
M: I had a salad. Something in the salad could have upset my stomach.
F: Maybe, but I had a salad too, and I feel fine. What kind of dressing did you have on your salad?
M: Just oil and vinegar.
F: Then I don't think it was the salad. It must have been the pizza. Anyway, I hope you feel better soon.
M: Thanks, I think I'll lie down for a while.
現(xiàn)在老師再用慢速度把整段對話念一遍給你聽.
M: Mary, I don't feel too well. I have a stomach ache.
F: Well, you shouldn't have eaten all that pizza.
M: I didn't have that much. Besides it might have been something else that I ate.
F: What else did you eat?
M: I had a salad. Something in the salad could have upset my stomach.
F: Maybe, but I had a salad too, and I feel fine. What kind of dressing did you have on your salad?
M: Just oil and vinegar.
F: Then I don't think it was the salad. It must have been the pizza. Anyway, I hope you feel better soon.
M: Thanks, I think I'll lie down for a while.
現(xiàn)在我把對話里包含了今天要學(xué)的語法的句子挑出來,請英文老師再念一遍給你聽.
F: You shouldn't have eaten all that pizza.
M: It might have been something else that I ate.
M: Something in the salad could have upset my stomach.
F: It must have been the pizza.
二.SHOULDN'T HAVE
現(xiàn)在我們開始作練習(xí)首先我們練習(xí) shouldn't have 加上動詞過去分詞的用法.以前我們學(xué)過怎么用 shouldn't 勸人不應(yīng)該作某件事情. 比方有個朋友在公共汽車上抽煙,你看見了就告訴他: "你不應(yīng)該在公共汽車上 抽煙." You shouldn't smoke on a bus. 如果你的朋友告訴你, 他昨天在公共汽車上抽了煙, 你認(rèn)為他昨天不應(yīng)該抽, 你就說: You shouldn't have smoked on a bus.現(xiàn)在我們作第一組練習(xí),學(xué)學(xué)怎么表示不贊同別人過去作的事情. 在這組練習(xí)里你還可以學(xué)到一些跟快速食品有關(guān)系的詞匯, 比方 "牛肉餅店"a hamburgerjoint, "乳酪牛肉餅" cheeseburger, "意大利餡餅店" a pizza parlor 等等. 練習(xí)的作法是彼得說出一些過去時態(tài)句子, 比方: " 我去了一家快餐店, 在那兒吃了一個烤牛肉三明治." I went to a fast food restaurant. I had a roastbeef sandwich there. 請你用 shouldn't have 加上動詞過去分詞把句子改成 You
shouldn't have had a roastbeef sandwich there. 每作完一句, 老師就會把正確答案念一遍給你聽.
M: I went to a fast food restaurant, I had a roastbeef sandwich there.
F: You shouldn't have had a roastbeef sandwich there.
M: I went to a hamburger joint. I ate a cheeseburger there.
F: You shouldn't have eaten a cheeseburger there.
M: I went to a pizza parlor. I ate 3 pieces of pizza there.
F: You shouldn't have eaten 3 pieces of pizza there.
M: I ate so much.
F: You shouldn't have eaten so much.
M: I had a big meal.
F: You shouldn't have had such a big meal.
下面我們用代換方式練習(xí)怎么勸別人在過去應(yīng)該作某件事. 練習(xí)的內(nèi)容都是說到彼得告訴瑪麗他在前一天晚上吃多了肚子疼之后,瑪麗勸彼得的話,比方彼得既然吃飽就不應(yīng)該再吃, 應(yīng)該小心的選擇食物, 肚子疼就應(yīng)該看大夫,吃藥, 躺下來休息等等. 練習(xí)的作法是瑪麗說一句話, 然后老師會念出一個用過去分詞開頭的詞組, 請你跟瑪麗一起把詞組代換到原來的句子里.
F: You should have stopped eating when you were full.
M: eaten less
F: You should have eaten less.
M: been more careful about what you ate
F: You should have been more careful about what you ate.
M: chosen the right things to eat
F: You should have chosen the right things to eat.
M: had dinner at home
F: You should have had dinner at home.
M: gone to a doctor
F: You should have gone to a doctor.
M: taken some medicine
F: You should have taken some medicine.
M: lain down and rest
F: You should have lain down and rest.
三.MUST HAVE
下面一組練習(xí)是用 must have 加上動詞過去分詞來表示自己認(rèn)為過去一定發(fā)生的事情. 比方瑪麗聽說彼得前一天晚上吃那么多就下結(jié)論說:當(dāng)時你一定覺得很不舒服; 你肚子疼一定是吃太多, 太快了, 等等.練習(xí)的作法是瑪麗說一句話, 然后老師說出一個動詞詞組請你用動詞過去分詞作代換練習(xí). 每作完一個句子, 老師就會念出正確答案給你聽.
F: You must have felt sick.
M: feel terrible
F: You must have felt terrible.
M: have an upset stomach
F: You must have had an upset stomach.
M: have too much food
F: You must have had too much food.
M: eat something bad
F: You must have eaten something bad.
M: eat too fast
F: You must have eaten too fast.
四.COULD HAVE BEEN
下面我們作一組練習(xí), 學(xué)習(xí)用could have been 作句子來揣測過去發(fā)生的事情.比方瑪麗聽說彼得吃壞了肚子, 就猜測可能是彼得前一天晚上在飯店吃的東西不干凈. 她問彼得許多問題, 彼得都一一的作肯定的答覆.在這組練習(xí)里你可以學(xué)到美國快餐店常常有的食物和調(diào)味品, 比方 "炸薯條" french fries, "牛奶冰淇淋混合飲料" milkshake 等等. 現(xiàn)在請你注意聽瑪麗問問題, 并且跟彼得一起做肯定的答復(fù).
F: Could it have been the pizza that you had?
M: It could have been the pizza that I had.
F: Could it have been the salad that you had?
M: It could have been the salad that I had.
F: Could it have been the salad dressing?
M: It could have been the salad dressing.
F: Could it have been the roastbeef sandwich that you ate?
M: It could have been the roastbeef sandwich that I ate.
F: Could it have been the cheeseburger that you ate?
M: It could have been the cheeseburger that I ate.
F: Could it have been the french fries?
M: It could have been the french fries.
F: Could it have been the milkshake that you drank?
M: It could have been the milkshake that I drank?
F: Could it have been the coffee that you drank?
M: It could have been the coffee that I drank.
五.SHOULD + 完成時態(tài)
在下面一組練習(xí)里, 瑪麗用 should 加上完成時態(tài)向彼得提出建議, 比方 "你當(dāng)時應(yīng)該慢慢吃." You should have eaten more leisurely. 彼得就用 could 加上完成時態(tài)回答說: "我當(dāng)時是可以慢慢吃,可是我沒有." I could have eaten moreleisurely, but I didn't. 現(xiàn)在請你注意聽瑪麗的建議, 并且跟彼得一起回答.
F: You should have gone to a more traditional restaurant.
M: I could have gone to a more traditional restaurant, but I didn't.
F: You should have ordered better food.
M: I could have ordered better food, but I didn't.
F: You should have eaten more leisurely.
M: I could have eaten more leisurely, but I didn't.
F: You should have had dinner at home.
M: I could have had dinner at home, but I didn't.
F: You should have cooked something for yourself.
M: I could have cooked something for myself, but I didn't.
F: You should have made a better decision.
M: I could have made a better decision, but I didn't.
六.MIGHT + 完成時態(tài)
下面我們學(xué)習(xí)用 might 加上完成時態(tài)來揣測過去發(fā)生的事情.比方說彼得去快餐店吃飯,排隊排了半天一直沒有服務(wù)員來招呼他; 好不容易來了服務(wù)員,彼得叫了菜, 服務(wù)員拿來的卻不是他要的.下面老師用 maybe 和過去時態(tài)作句子揣測發(fā)生這種情況的原因, 比方彼得可能站錯了隊,服務(wù)員可能心不在焉,可能把別人叫的菜給了彼得等等,請你改用might 和完成時態(tài)把原來的意思表達出來.
下面就是一個例子:
M:Maybe Peter stood in the wrong line.
F: Peter might have stood in the wrong line.
現(xiàn)在我們開始作練習(xí). 每作完一句, 就請你聽老師念正確答案.
M: Maybe Peter stood in the wrong line.
F: Peter might have stood in the wrong line.
M: Maybe the clerk was busy.
F: The clerk might have been busy.
M: Maybe the clerk was absent-minded.
F: The clerk might have been absent-minded.
M: Maybe the clerk misunderstood him.
F: The clerk might have misunderstood him.
M: Maybe the clerk gave him someone else's order.
F: The clerk might have given him someone else's order.
七.聽短文回答問題
今天我們要聽一篇介紹美國快餐店的文章. 這篇文章談到快餐店的種類,特色,跟受美國人歡迎的原因.請你注意聽. 等一會兒我們要根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容問你幾個問題.
The favorite food in the United States is the hamburger, a kind of round sandwich of cooked ground beef. The favorite place to buy a hamburger is a fast food restaurant. At fast food restaurants, people order their food, wait a few minutes, and carry it to their tables themselves. People also take their food out of the restaurant and eat it in their cars or in their homes. At some fast food restaurants, people can order their food, pay for it and pick it up without leaving their cars. There are many kinds of fast food restaurants in the United States. The most numerous sell hamburgers, french fries and milkshakes, which are traditionally popular foods among Americans. In addition, fast food restaurants that serve Chinese food, Mexican food, Italian food, chicken, seafood and ice cream are very numerous. The idea of a fast food restaurant is so popular that nearly every kind of food can be found in one. Fast food restaurants are popular because they reflect American life style. First, they are not formal restaurants. Customers wear any type of dress when they go to a fast food place. Second, they are fast. People who are busy do not want to spend time preparing their own food or waiting while someone else prepares it. In fast food restaurants the food is usually ready before the customer even orders it. Finally, most food in a fast food restaurant is not expensive. Therefore, people can afford to eat at a fast food restaurant often, while they may not be able to afford a more traditional and more expensive restaurant very often.
現(xiàn)在請你回答下面三個問題.每回答一個問題,老師就會念出正確答案給你聽.
第一個問題是:
M: What kinds of food can people get in fast food restaurants?
F: They can get hamburgers, french fries, milkshakes, pizza, chicken, seafood, ice cream and others.
第二個問題是:
M: Why do Americans go to fast food restaurants?
F: It is because fast food restaurants are fast, informal and inexpensive.
第三個問題是:
M: Is the food cooked to order in a fast food restaurant?
F: No, it is not.
