英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力文摘 種群動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)化
Rapid Evolution and Population Dynamics
種群(population)指在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)占據(jù)一定空間的同種生物的所有個(gè)體。種群中的個(gè)體并不是機(jī)械地集合在一起，而是彼此可以交配，并通過(guò)繁殖將各自的基因傳給后代。種群是進(jìn)化的基本單位，同一種群的所有生物共用一個(gè)基因庫(kù)。對(duì)種群的研究主要是其數(shù)量變化與種內(nèi)關(guān)系，種間關(guān)系的內(nèi)容已屬于生物群落的研究范疇。
A recent study suggests that adaptive evolution might actually play a role in the dynamics of the predator-prey relationship.
Until recently, many ecologists didn’t study the effect of evolution on population dynamics because evolution is much slower than the predator-prey cycle. But a study suggests that (1)adaptive evolution might actually play a role in the dynamics of the predator-prey relationship.
Cornell University biologists studied the population dynamics of (2)green algae and (3)rotifers, the (4)microscopic (5)aquatic animals that feed on them. They expected that the rotifers would eat the algae and multiply until the algae population crashed. This would then cause the rotifer population to crash, which would allow the algae population to recover, and the whole cycle to begin again.
What they observed, however, was that there was some lag between the time the algae population reached a certain (6)density and the time the rotifer population began its recovery. Why? And how does evolution fit into all this?
Well, it turns that some algal cells are resistant to digestion, although this resistance (7)comes at a cost: they reproduce more slowly. As the more dominant, non-resistant strains of algae crashed, the resistant algal cells began cloning themselves more rapidly, and this temporarily stabilized the algae population.
In the meantime, the rotifer population crashed because the rotifers had less to eat, allowing the non-resistant strains of algae to recover. Once the non-resistant algae became common again, the rotifer population increased, completing the cycle. So basically, adaptive evolution enabled the algae population to reestablish itself by delaying the time it took the predator population to recover.
Understanding the effects of adaptive evolution may help scientists to better understand the behavior of (8)drug-resistant bacteria and outbreaks of disease.
譯文：
直到最近，許多生態(tài)學(xué)家都沒(méi)有研究種群動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)化所帶來(lái)的影響，因?yàn)檫M(jìn)化的速度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)慢于捕食的周期。但是研究表明，適應(yīng)性進(jìn)化可能影響著掠食者與被掠食者之間的動(dòng)態(tài)。
康乃爾大學(xué)的生物學(xué)家研究了以綠藻為食的輪蟲的種群動(dòng)態(tài)。他們預(yù)測(cè)，輪蟲將會(huì)吃掉綠藻并繁衍后代直到綠藻的種群銳減。由于綠藻的減少，輪蟲的種群也會(huì)銳減，這時(shí)綠藻種群便開(kāi)始恢復(fù)，整個(gè)循環(huán)周期便又開(kāi)始了。
但是他們觀察到在綠藻種群到達(dá)一定的密度之后，輪蟲種群并沒(méi)有立刻開(kāi)始恢復(fù)。為什么呢?進(jìn)化過(guò)程是如何與之一致的呢?
實(shí)際上，有些藻類細(xì)胞會(huì)對(duì)消化產(chǎn)生抵抗性。盡管這些抵抗也是有代價(jià)的：它們的繁殖更加緩慢。由于處于優(yōu)勢(shì)，不抗消化的綠藻品種數(shù)量減少，抗消化的綠藻細(xì)胞開(kāi)始更加快速的繁殖，這就暫時(shí)穩(wěn)定了綠藻種群。
同時(shí)，輪蟲種群隨著它們食物的減少而減少，這就讓不抗消化的綠藻品種開(kāi)始恢復(fù)。一旦不抗消化的綠藻又變得普遍了，輪蟲種群就開(kāi)始增長(zhǎng)，完成整個(gè)循環(huán)周期。因此，適應(yīng)性進(jìn)化使得綠藻種群能夠通過(guò)拖延捕食者種群恢復(fù)的時(shí)間來(lái)重建自己。
對(duì)適應(yīng)性進(jìn)化影響的了解將會(huì)幫助科學(xué)家更好的明白抗藥菌的行為以及疾病的爆發(fā)。
Notes:
(1)adaptive evolution 適應(yīng)進(jìn)化
(2)green algae n.綠藻類
(3)rotifer n.輪蟲類
(4)microscopic[,maikr?'sk?pik] adj.微觀的;用顯微鏡可見(jiàn)的
Prison guard: Microscopic implants will restrain convicts from engaging in criminal activity. The sensors will require lots of fine-tuning.
監(jiān)獄看守：微小的植入片將阻止囚犯從事犯罪活動(dòng)。這種傳感器需要進(jìn)行大量的微調(diào)。
(5)aquatic animals 水生動(dòng)物;水棲動(dòng)物
God has made devices to keep fish and other aquatic animals alive in cold regions.
神設(shè)定了裝置，讓魚和其他水生動(dòng)物生活在寒冷的區(qū)域。
(6)density ['dens?ti] n.密度
This wave of excess density is sound.
這種過(guò)剩密度的波就是聲波。
(7)come at 攻擊，襲擊;達(dá)到;得到
Put the food where the cat can't come at it.
把食物放在貓夠不著的地方。
(8)drug-resistant adj.耐藥的;抗藥性的
One of the most important things is to identify cases quickly -- especially drug-resistant cases, which are increasing.
最重要的事情之一是盡快辨認(rèn)出這些病例——尤其是那些逐漸增長(zhǎng)的抗藥性病例。
