六級閱讀：鞠躬的藝術(shù)

　　The Ar t Of Bowing

　　The degree to which a bowing or lowering of the body is emphasized varies from one culture to another . In many cultures today the full bow or other dramatic lowering of the body is generally reserved for formal occasions such as greeting a head of state or monarch. For example, British commoners standing before the queen or being honored by royalty in a ceremony of knighthood would be expected to bow, curtsey, or kneel. As part of their religious practices some Christians kneel, Catholics genuflect, and Muslims kowtow3 , an extreme form of body lowering in which the forehead is brought to the ground. Although bowing, as a worldwide phenomenon, has been on the decrease in recent decades, it has survived in German culture and exists to an even greater degree in modern Japan, where bows are an integral part of everyday social interaction . In the United States, however, bowing or any type of submissive body posture is particularly irritating, for it tends to connote undue formality, aristocracy, and a nonverbal denial of egalitarianism. Nowhere is bowing more important to the process of communication today than in Japanese society. As an indication of how pervasive bowing is in present-day Japan, some experts point out that“ some female department store employees have the sole function of bowing to customers at department store escalators and that many Japanese bow repeatedly to invisible partners at the other end of a telephone line”. Bowing initiates interaction between two Japanese , it enhances and embellishes many parts of the ensuing conversation, and it is used to signal the end of a conversation. Although Westerners, in a very general

　　sense, understand the meaning attached to bowing, appropriate bowing in Japan is an intricate and complex process. Reciprocal bowing is determined largely by rank. In fact, it is possible to tell the relative social status of the two communicators by the depth of their bows ( the deeper the bow, the lower the status) . When bowing deeply, it is conventional to lean slightly to the right to avoid bumping heads. The person of lower status is expected to initiate the bow, and the person of higher status determines when the bow is completed. People of equivalent status are expected to bow at the same depth while starting and finishing at the same time.

　　閱讀自測

　　Ⅰ. Are these statements True or False a ccording to the article ?

　　1. Nowadays the full bow or other dramatic lowering of the body is still widely acceptedaround the world.

　　2. Bowing is prevalent in Japan while the situation is quite different in America.

　　3. It is customary to lean slightly to the left to avoid bumping heads when bowing deeply.

　?、? Complete the sentence s with the proper forms of the words given in parentheses :

　　1. There is a __________( tend) that more and more people will move from cities to the countryside.

　　2. He __________( repeat) fails to pass the exam.

　　3. A spirit of hopelessness__________ ( pervasive ) the country.

　　4. He is such a chauvinist that he expects his wife to be meek and __________( submit).

　　5. The government has__________ ( initial) a new house-building program.

　　參考答案

　　Ⅰ. 1. F 2. T 3 . F

　?、? 1. tendency 2. repeatedly 3 . pervaded 4 . submissive 5. initiated

　　參考譯文

　　鞠躬的藝術(shù)

　　文化不同, 鞠躬或彎腰的角度也大不相同。在今天的許多文化里, 深深鞠一躬或大幅度彎腰通常只有在正式場合中才會出現(xiàn), 比如向國家元首或君主致意。舉例來說, 英國平民站在女王面前或被王室加封為爵士時應該鞠躬, 或行屈膝禮, 抑或屈膝下跪。在一些宗教儀式里, 基督教徒會下跪, 天主教徒會行屈膝禮, 而穆斯林則會跪拜叩頭, 即將身體彎曲到極限, 直到前額貼地為止。作為一種世界性的文化現(xiàn)象, 近幾十年使用鞠躬這種禮節(jié)的人卻越來越少, 但鞠躬卻在德國文化中保存下來, 在現(xiàn)代日本社會更是大為盛行, 在那里鞠躬已成為日常社會交往不可缺少的一部分。然而, 在美國, 鞠躬或任何一種謙恭的身體姿勢都讓美國人極其反感, 因為這些舉動往往意味著不必要的繁文縟節(jié)、貴族習氣, 以及對平等主義的一種非語言性否定。當今, 沒有哪一個社會像日本社會一樣, 鞠躬在人際交往過程中如此重要。為了顯示鞠躬在當今日本社會根深蒂固的程度, 一些專家指出,“ 在日本百貨商店里, 一些女雇員的工作就是在商店的自動扶梯邊向顧客鞠躬, 而且有許多日本人會向電話線另一端看不見的人 不停地鞠躬。”鞠躬是兩個日本人交往的開端, 在隨后的對話里鞠躬還起到推波助瀾和錦上添花的作用, 它還被用來暗示對話的結(jié)束。盡管西方人大致明白鞠躬所包含的意思, 但在日本, 恰到好處的鞠躬是非常復雜、很難把握的過程。互相鞠躬主要是由社會等級決定的。事實上, 我們可以通過兩個人鞠躬的幅度來判斷他們相對的社會地位( 鞠躬幅度越大,社會地位就越低) 。當兩個人互相深鞠一躬的時候, 按照常規(guī)他們會把頭微微斜向右邊, 以避免碰到對方的腦袋。兩個人中社會地位低的那個人應該首先開始鞠躬, 而地位高的人決定鞠躬結(jié)束的時間。地位相同的人互相鞠躬的時候, 鞠躬的幅度相同, 并且同時開始, 同時結(jié)束。

　　閱讀導評

　　沒想到吧, 小小一個鞠躬的動作, 竟然包涵了這么多意義。中國人鞠躬比西方人度數(shù)深, 而日本人鞠躬又比中國人到家, 幾乎是“ 鞠躬盡瘁”。在社會等級森嚴的日本, 一個人如果不懂得鞠躬的藝術(shù), 就很有可能會四處碰壁。而要學會日本式鞠躬的全部藝術(shù)還不是一件容易事, 因為“點頭哈腰”的每一個動作里面都大有學問。不管怎樣, 要記住一點———“ 矮的一邊永遠是年輕人”。

　　閱讀導釋

　　1. vary from. . .to . . . 在……到……之間變動。例如: The weather varies from day to day. ( 天氣每天都在變化。)

　　2. commoner n. 平民, 無貴族稱號的人。與之相對的是后面出現(xiàn)的royalty, 意為“ 王室, 皇族”。因為英國政體是君主立憲制, 所以有貴族和平民之分。但英國的君主受憲法的制約, 沒有實質(zhì)性的權(quán)力, 處于統(tǒng)而不治地位。在王權(quán)日益被削弱的英國君主立憲制里, 授予爵位( knighthood) 、頒發(fā)勛章( medal) 成為王室手中仍然握有的重要權(quán)力之一。

　　3. kowtow v. 磕頭。該詞是由中國傳到西方國家的。前面還出現(xiàn)了幾個表示禮貌的儀式,如: curtsey ( 行屈膝禮) ; genuflect ( 屈膝, 跪拜) 等。

　　4. 鞠躬已成為日常社會交往中不可缺少的一部分。日本人之間打招呼, 基本上是以鞠躬來表示的。站著的時候, 雙腳合攏, 膝蓋伸直, 彎腰低頭。從一般性行禮到上身至90 度的鞠躬。根據(jù)禮節(jié)輕重程度的不同, 低頭的角度是各種各樣的。在鋪著“ 榻榻米”( tatami)的房間里, 日本人要坐著行禮, 以“ 正坐”的姿勢上身彎下, 兩手放在前面著地然后低頭。一般日本人行禮致意是互不接觸身體的, 傳統(tǒng)上也沒有握手的習慣。

　　5. 對平等主義的一種非語言性否定。此處指鞠躬等謙恭的身體姿勢在美國人看來并沒有遵循人人平等的理念。egalitarianism n. 平等主義; nonverbal a. 不用言語表達的。

　　6. employee n. 職員。-ee 常用來做名詞的詞尾, 表示“ 受動者, 受益者”, 如: appointee ( 被任命者) ; trainee ( 受訓者) 。與此相對, employer 意為“雇主”, 因為- er 表示“施動者”。

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