2．王朝興衰金陵冊

2．王朝興衰金陵冊

相傳在公元前5世紀，吳王夫差在今南京城內(nèi)的冶山（朝天空附近）建冶煉作坊，取名冶城。公元前472年，越滅吳后，越王勾踐命令范蠡在現(xiàn)在的中華門外修筑了一座規(guī)模較大的土城，作為攻打楚國的根據(jù)地，叫作越城，又叫范蠡城。從這一次筑城算起，南京已經(jīng)有2400多年的歷史了。公元前333年楚滅越，楚威王在今天的清涼寺筑城。傳說楚威王看到南京地理形勢險要，怕日后有人在此稱王，便在獅子山北的江邊埋下黃金，以壓王氣。南京因此得名金陵，這也是南京的第一個正式稱謂。

三國時代，東吳控制長江中下游，孫權(quán)于公元211年遷首府到秣陵，改秣陵為建業(yè)（即今天的南京），意思為“建立帝王之大業(yè)”，并在楚國金陵故址的基礎(chǔ)上修建了石頭城。221年，孫權(quán)建都于武昌，并于229年在武昌稱帝，但在江南大族和北方士族的共同要求下，他放棄了建都已有8年之久的武昌，遷都建業(yè)。這也表明，到了孫吳時期，建業(yè)已經(jīng)成為大家所公認的江南中心。這也是南京第一次成為封建王朝的都城。

280年，以洛陽為都城的西晉政權(quán)，開始了以統(tǒng)一中國為目標的伐吳戰(zhàn)爭。雖然孫吳的士兵在長江中設(shè)置了鐵鏈，但仍擋不住晉兵的長驅(qū)直入，后主孫皓被迫在石頭城投降，由此宣告了孫吳的滅亡。

316年，西晉王朝在北方各族人民大起義的風暴中滅亡，中國北方陷入了戰(zhàn)亂的五胡十六國時期，南逃的北方士族共同擁戴鎮(zhèn)守建康（今南京）的西晉宗室成員司馬睿出來當皇帝，開創(chuàng)了東晉王朝。

由于西晉末年戰(zhàn)亂，北方大量的漢人向南遷移。東晉時，都城建康內(nèi)外居住著大批的北方南來的人群，他們的數(shù)量甚至超過了當?shù)厝丝?，大大改變了建康的語言、風俗和習慣。從此，建康城不再是單純的江南城市，而逐漸發(fā)展成為融合南北風格的全國性大城市。隨著人口的增多，建康的工商區(qū)和住宅區(qū)都有所擴大，逐漸向秦淮河發(fā)展。其中最著名的烏衣巷就是東晉宰相王導、謝安兩個豪門家族居住的地方。傳說是因為三國孫吳時，烏衣營駐扎在此，所以叫烏衣巷。

420年，東晉最后一個皇帝--晉慕帝司馬德文被迫將帝位讓給了大臣劉裕。此后，宋齊梁陳四個王朝相繼在建康定都，史稱“南朝”。在這四個王朝的變更過程中，有兩個皇帝的悲劇故事尤其值得一提，他們是梁武帝和陳后主。

梁武帝蕭衍，是歷史上享年最高的一個皇帝，終年86歲，在位48年，僅次于清朝康熙和乾隆皇帝的在位時間。他是梁王朝的第一個皇帝，也是最后一個皇帝。548年，東魏投降的將領(lǐng)侯景舉兵叛亂，第二年就攻占了臺城。臺城即南朝時代的建康宮城，當時的臺省和皇帝后宮都在城中。據(jù)史學工作者考察推測，臺城的位置大約在今天南京的總統(tǒng)府一帶，而不是人們誤以為的解放門一帶。侯景攻占臺城之后，就將梁武帝軟禁在臺城的凈居殿。梁武帝后來被活活餓死在凈居殿中。

陳朝時的陳后主稱得上是風流天子。他在臺城中大興土木，終日與嬪妃、文臣學士們在一起尋歡作樂。589年，隋朝利用過春節(jié)的時機，派兵進攻江南的陳王朝，陳朝許多守江的將領(lǐng)緊急請求支援，陳后主卻一概不理。當臺城被圍困時，陳后主便帶著他所寵愛的張貴妃、孫貴嬪躲入后花園的景陽井內(nèi)，最后被隋朝士兵用繩子拉了上來，全部活捉。現(xiàn)在，景陽井石欄的顏色像胭脂的顏色，傳說是當時張貴妃、孫貴嬪躲入洞中時留下的胭脂痕，所以后人也稱之為胭脂井，又因為陳后主亡國受辱，所以也將其稱為辱井。

南朝時期，建康城進一步繁榮和發(fā)展起來，人口最多時超過50萬。

以金陵為都城的南唐作為十國之一，不僅是一個重要的地方割據(jù)政權(quán)，而且還是這一時期中國東南地區(qū)的政治、經(jīng)濟、軍事和文化中心。

李昪因為試圖長生不老而服用丹藥中毒而死，他的兒子李璟（即李景）繼位。李璟曾先后出兵滅掉閩國和楚國，但卻在與北周交戰(zhàn)中慘敗，失去了江淮之間的大片土地，最后被迫向北周稱臣。李璟死后，他的兒子李煜繼位。與其說李煜是個皇帝，倒不如說他是個文人。因為他沒有統(tǒng)一天下的豪情壯志，而是對文學情有獨鐘。他才華橫溢，擅長書畫，尤其擅長填詞，卻也因此耽誤了政事。947年，宋太宗發(fā)動了消滅南唐的戰(zhàn)爭，李煜倉促應(yīng)戰(zhàn)，卻未能改變南唐亡國的命運。宋軍攻破金陵后，李煜成為宋朝軍隊的俘虜，被押到了汴京（今河南開封）。在被囚禁的兩年多時間里，李煜創(chuàng)作了大量的優(yōu)秀詩詞，但這些詩詞卻引起了宋太宗的猜忌。后來，李煜被宋太宗所賜的毒藥毒殺而死，死后葬于開封，淪為了異鄉(xiāng)之鬼，而他的墓地也已隨著歷史的變遷而化為塵埃。但他的祖父李昪、父親李璟的陵墓在南京南郊的祖唐山，至今仍被較好地保存著，被成為“南唐二陵”，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)開放，供人們游覽參觀。

北宋建都汴京，但江寧（即南京）仍然是東南部的政治中心。宋神宗時，著名的政治家王安石曾三次擔任江寧府尹。

明代朱元璋統(tǒng)一全國，在應(yīng)天府稱帝，建立了明朝，并改應(yīng)天府為南京，于是，南京第一次成為全國的首都。從此，“南京”這個名字成了這座歷史文化名城的專利。

從明太祖朱元璋開始，先后有三個皇帝在南京定都。1421年，明成祖遷都北京，南京成為留都朱元璋用了28年營建的這座南京城全長30.67千米，高14～21米，城基寬14米左右，頂寬4～9米，全部用磚砌成。城的規(guī)模很大，把六朝的建康城、石頭城，南唐的金陵城全都包括在內(nèi)，并向東、北擴展，依山臨水，氣勢雄偉。南京城的城門共有13座，現(xiàn)存4座，其中的聚寶門（今中華門）保存得最為完整。相傳在朱元璋營建都城的過程中，建造南門時，屢建屢塌，影響了工程的進度。就在朱元璋焦急的時候，大臣劉伯溫出主意：命令江南首富沈萬三拿出家里的聚寶盆，埋入墻基中。按照這個想法做了之后，城門得以順利建成。所以中華門過去稱為聚寶門。

南京在六朝時已經(jīng)有了絲織業(yè)，宋元時有了進一步的發(fā)展。明代時，南京出產(chǎn)的緞子、羅紡、云絹等都遠銷國內(nèi)外。當時不僅有官方經(jīng)營的制造局，還有民間的“機戶”，它們都聚集在當時的聚寶門附近。

2. History

According to the legend, Fu Chai, the King of the State of Wu, founded the first city, Yecheng on the Ye Mountain (near Today's Chaotian Palace, a museum and Kunqu theatre) around the 5th century BC. Then in 472 BC, after Yue defeated Wu, Gou Jian, the King of Yue ordered one of his officials Fan Li to build a city with rammed earth outside today's Zhonghua Gate. Known as Yuecheng or Fanlicheng, the city served as a military base for attacking Chu. If this is regarded as its origin, Nanjing has been in existence for more than 2,400 years. In 333 BC, Chu defeated Yue and a new city was built where today's Qingliang Temple is. Legend goes that when the King of Chu saw the geographic location of the city was so strategic that he ordered to bury some gold under the Lion Mountain to prevent others from becoming emperor. Thus the city got its first official name in history: Jinling. ("Jin" in Chinese literally means "gold" and "ling" in Chinese is hilly area.)

In 221, Sun Quan, the Lord of Eastern Wu, a kingdom which controlled the area along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, moved his capital to Moling (today's Nanjing) and renamed it Jianye which implied his intention to "build a dynasty and become the emperor". Following the move of the capital, a stone city was constructed on the site of Jinling built by Chu. In 229, Sun declared himself the emperor and made Wuchang his capital. However, on the request of influential and privileged families living in both the south, he had to give up Wuchang which had been the capital for eight years and moved to Jianye. This historical fact shows that by then Nanjing had already been recognized as the center of the south. For the first time in history, Nanjing became the capital of a feudal dynasty.

In 280, the Western Jin dynasty with Luoyang as its capital started a war against Wu Kingdom in the hope of unifying the whole China. Though soldiers of Wu put iron chains in the Yangtze river, they were still unable to prevent the invasion. As a result, Sun Hao, the son of Sun Quan, was forced to surrender in the stone city, marking the demise of Wu.

In 316, Western Jin was toppled by uprisings staged by people of various ethnic groups in the north. After that, the north China was reduced into a battlefield and influential and privileged families all fled to the south. There they supported Sima Rui, governor of Jiankang (today's Nanjing) and a member of the royal family of Western Jin, to be the emperor. Thus, the Eastern Jin dynasty was founded.

Since warfare drove a lot of Han people to the south in the late years of Western Jin, when Eastern Jin was founded, there were thousands of northerners living inside and outside Jiankang. They even outnumbered the local residents. As a result, language and customs in Jiankang changed dramatically. No longer a pure southern city, Jiankang gradually developed into a national metropolis where northern and southern customs were woven together. As population increased, commercial areas and residential areas in the city gradually expanded toward the Qinhuai River. At that time, the most famous residential area was Wuyi alley where lived two rich and noble families-the family of the Prime Minister Wang Dao and the family of Xie An, a duke. It was said the place was named so because Wuyi Battalion of the Wu Kingdom used to be stationed here.

In 420, Sima Wen, the last Emperor of Eastern Jin, was forced to give the throne to Liu Yu, one of his officials. After that, four dynasties-Song, Qi, Liang, Chen-came into the historical stage successively, all taking Jiankang as capital. This period in history is referred to as "Southern Dynasties". During the alternation of the four dynasties, the tragedies of two emperors - Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty and the last emperor of Chen - are worth mentioning.

The real name of Emperor Wu was Xiao Yan. He died at the age of 86 and enjoyed the longest life span among all the feudal emperors in China. The first and the last emperor of the Liang dynasty, he was in power for 48 years, only second to Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty. In 548, one of his generals Hou Jing who was once a general of Eastern Wei called out the troops to revolt and occupied the imperial palace Taicheng in the following year. According to the investigations of historic researchers, Taicheng was somewhere near today's Chiang Kaishek's Presidential Palace instead of Jiefang Gate as most people believe. After he occupied Taicheng, Hou Jing put Emperor Wu under house arrest in the Jingju Palace where the emperor was starved to death.

The last emperor of Chen was an emperor indulged in amorous affairs. He ordered to build numerous entertainment places to enjoy himself together with his concubines and officials. During the Spring Festival in 589, the Sui dynasty sent off troops to attack Chen. When Chen's military officers stationed along the Yangtze River issued a state of emergency and asked for support from the emperor, the emperor turned a deaf ear. Finally the Sui forces seized Taicheng. To save their life, the emperor hid himself and his two favorite concubines in a well in the back garden, but they were eventually found by the soldiers of the Sui dynasty. Today, the stone fence of the well which is called Jingyang Well is still of the rouge color. It is said this is because the fence was dyed rouge when the two concubines were hidden in the well. So the well gets its second name Rouge Well. It is also called Humiliation Well because the emperor was captured here.

In Southern Dynasties, Jiankang became more prosperous and the population exceeded 500,000 at the prime time of the city.

Southern Tang (937-975) in the Five Dynasties and Ten States Period was another short-lived dynasty who took Nanjing as its capital.

The first emperor of Southern Tang was Li Bian. After he was poisoned by the so-called "life-prolonging drug", his son Li Jing succeeded the throne. Though a winner in the war against Min and Chu (another two small dynasties in this period), Li Jing lost a vast area of land between the Huaihe River and the Yangtze River in the fight against Northern Zhou and thus had to acknowledge his subjugation to Northern Zhou. After Li Jing died, his son Li Yu took over his position. Li Yu was more a poet than an emperor. Without the ambition to rule and conquer, he indulged himself in painting and writing and was finally made a captive after the Song dynasty invaded into Southern Tang in 947. During the two years when he was detained in Bianjing (today's Kaifeng in Henan province), Li Yu wrote a lot of excellent poems and poetic prose which however aroused the suspicion of Emperor Taizong of the Song dynasty that he would intend to recover the Southern Tang. Soon after, Li Yu was poisoned by Emperor Taizong and buried in Bianjing. So even after death he was unable to return to his home land. His tomb was reduced to dust long before as time went by; yet his father's and his grandfather's still lie on today's Zutang Mountain in the suburb south of Nanjing. Well preserved, today, the tombs known as "Southern Tang Mausoleums" are open to visitors.

Though the capital of the Song dynasty was Bianjing, Nanjing which was called Jiangning Fu then remained the political center of southeast China. During the reign of Emperor Shenzong, a well-known statesman Wang Anshi was sent by the emperor to govern Jiangning Fu three times.

After Zhu Yuanzhang, the first emperor of the Ming dynasty unified China, he appointed Yingtian as the capital and renamed the city Nanjing. Thus, for the first time in history, the city became the capital of the whole country and Nanjing its name.

Nanjing remained Ming's capital in the early years until 1421 when Emperor Chengzu moved the capital to Beijing.

Built by the first Ming emperor and in 28 years, Nanjing was 30.67 kilometers long in perimeter and 14 to 21 meters in height. The city was so large that it included the stone city and Jiankang city built in Six Dynasties and Jinling built by Southern Tang. But that was not all. The city further expanded eastward and northward until it reached the rivers and foot of mountains. Nanjing used to have 13 gates, but now only four of them are still seen. Jubao Gate which is named Zhonghua Gate now is the best preserved. An interesting story tells why the gate was named Jubao. When the south gate was constructed, the gate habitually collapsed before it was finished. This seriously hindered the progress of the whole project. Seeing Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was so disturbed, Liu Bowen, one of the emperor's officials, came up with an idea. He suggested the emperor taking away a treasure bowl from the richest person in South China and burying it under the base of the city wall. Surprisingly, the gate was successfully erected after the idea was adopted. Thus the gate was named Jubao Gate. (Jubao in Chinese literally means treasure-collecting.)

In Nanjing, silk textile industry burgeoned in the Six Dynasties and further developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties. In the Ming dynasty, different types of silk products such as satin, gauze and plain silk were sold abroad. There were official manufacturing plants as well as private ones, all located around Jubao Gate.