每天讀一點(diǎn)英文:那些給我勇氣的句子 40金融大鱷喬治·索羅斯
George Soros -- the financial crocodile
George Soros wants to be the Bono of the financial world. The speculator whose assault on sterling ejected Britain from the European exchange rate mechanism that September of 10 years ago has a mission－－to use his esti－mated ￡5 bn fortune and his fame to help tackle what he sees as the failures of globalisation. The idea that a man who made billions betting on the financial markets sides with the anti－globalisation movement might strike some as ironic. Soros is clearly genuinely appalled at the damage wrought on vulnerable economies by the vast sums of money which flow across national borders every day.
喬治·索羅斯想成為金融界的博諾（U２樂隊(duì)主唱）。這位在10年前的那個(gè)９月份攻擊英鎊迫使英國(guó)退出歐洲匯率機(jī)制的投機(jī)商有一項(xiàng)使命---利用他大約50 億英鎊的財(cái)產(chǎn)和他的聲名來(lái)幫助解決他所認(rèn)為的全球化失敗問題。一個(gè)靠在全球金融市場(chǎng)上的投機(jī)賺了幾十億的人會(huì)支持反全球化運(yùn)動(dòng)，這對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)是具有諷刺意義的。很明顯，對(duì)于每天在各國(guó)之間流動(dòng)的大量資金給經(jīng)濟(jì)脆弱國(guó)家造成的傷害，索羅斯從心底感到震驚。
"The US governs the international system to protect its own economy. It is not in charge of protecting other economies, "he says. "So when America goes into recession, you have anti－recessionary policies. When other countries are in recession, they don't have the ability to engage in anti－recessionary policies because they can't have a permissive monetary policy, because money would flee. "In person, he has the air of a philosophy professor rather than a gimlet－eyed financier. In a soft voice which bears the traces of his native Hungary, he argues that it is time to rewrite the so－called Washington consensus－－the cocktail of liberalisation, privatisation and fiscal rectitude which the IMF has been preaching for 15 years. Developing countries no longer have the freedom to run their own economies, he argues, even when they follow perfectly sound policies. He cites Brazil, which although it has a floating currency and manageable public debt was paying ten times over the odds to borrow from capital markets.
索羅斯說(shuō)："美國(guó)管理國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)體系是為了保護(hù)本國(guó)利益，它并不負(fù)責(zé)保護(hù)其它國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)。因此，當(dāng)美國(guó)陷入衰退后，美國(guó)會(huì)出臺(tái)反衰退政策。而其他國(guó)家陷入衰退時(shí)，卻無(wú)力這樣做，因?yàn)檫@些國(guó)家不能實(shí)行自由開放的金融政策，否則資金就會(huì)外流?"索羅斯本人并不像一個(gè)目光敏銳的金融家，他更具有哲學(xué)教授的氣質(zhì)。帶著匈牙利母語(yǔ)口音，他輕聲地說(shuō)，現(xiàn)在是修改所謂的"華盛頓共識(shí)"的時(shí)侯了。他指的是國(guó)際貨幣基金組織15年來(lái)宣揚(yáng)的自由化、私有化和財(cái)政透明的綜合體制。他說(shuō)，發(fā)展中國(guó)家即使執(zhí)行非常合理的政策，也不能再自由地控制本國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)。他援引巴西的例子說(shuō)，盡管巴西實(shí)行了浮動(dòng)匯率制和可控國(guó)債，但它向資本市場(chǎng)借款還是付出了比正常條件下高出１０倍的成本。
Soros, who at one stage after the fall of the Berlin Wall was providing more assistance to Russia than the US government, believes in practising what he preaches.His Open Society Institute has been pivotal in helping eastern European countries develop democratic societies and market economies. Soros has the advantage of an insider's knowledge of the workings of global capitalism, so his criticism is particularly pointed. Last year, the Soros foundation's network spent nearly half a billion dollars on projects in education, public health and promoting democracy, making it one of the world's largest private donors.
索羅斯在柏林墻倒塌后一段時(shí)間內(nèi)向俄羅斯提供的援助曾一度超過美國(guó)政府的援助。他堅(jiān)定地實(shí)施自己宣揚(yáng)的觀點(diǎn)。他的"開放社會(huì)研究所"在幫助東歐國(guó)家發(fā)展民主社會(huì)和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)方面發(fā)揮了重要作用。索羅斯具有業(yè)內(nèi)人士的優(yōu)勢(shì)，了解全球資本主義的運(yùn)行，因此他的批評(píng)會(huì)受到特別關(guān)注。去年索羅斯基金網(wǎng)絡(luò)在教育、公共衛(wèi)生、促進(jìn)民主項(xiàng)目上花費(fèi)了近５億美元，使索羅斯基金成為世界上最大的私人捐助集團(tuán)之一。
Soros credits the anti－globalisation movement for having made companies more sensitive to their wider responsibilities."I think [the protesters] have made an important contribution by making people aware of the flaws of the system, "he says."People on the street had an impact on public opinion and corporations which sell to the public responded to that."Because the IMF has abandoned billion dollar bailouts for troubled economies, he thinks a repeat of the Asian crisis is unlikely.The fund's new"tough love"policy－－for which Argentina is the guinea pig －－ has other consequences. The bailouts were a welfare system for Wall Street, with western taxpayers rescuing the banks from the consequences of unwise lending to emerging economies. Now the IMF has drawn a line in the sand, credit to poor countries is drying up."It has created a new problem－－the inadequacy of the flow of capital from centre to the periphery, " he says.
索羅斯贊揚(yáng)反全球化運(yùn)動(dòng)使各公司更加認(rèn)識(shí)到自己更廣泛的責(zé)任。他說(shuō)："我認(rèn)為（反對(duì)者們）作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)，使大眾意識(shí)到這個(gè)體系的缺陷。大街上的人們對(duì)輿論會(huì)有所影響，而向公眾推銷商品的公司也會(huì)對(duì)輿論作出反應(yīng)?"由于國(guó)際貨幣基金組織已經(jīng)拒絕向經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的國(guó)家提供數(shù)十億美元的救濟(jì)，索羅斯認(rèn)為亞洲經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)不會(huì)重演。國(guó)際貨幣基金組織"既愛又嚴(yán)"的新政策---阿根廷是該政策的試驗(yàn)品---帶來(lái)了其他后果。西方納稅人挽救了銀行因不理智地向新興國(guó)家提供貸款造成的惡果，而國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的那些救濟(jì)金則成了華爾街的福利制度?，F(xiàn)在國(guó)際貨幣基金組織對(duì)貧困國(guó)家的貸款正在枯竭。索羅斯說(shuō)："這就產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)新問題---資金從中心向周邊流動(dòng)不足。"
The one economy Soros is not losing any sleep about is the US."I am much more positive about the underlying economy than I am about the market, because we are waging war not only terrorism but also on recession, "he says."Although we don't admit it, we are actually applying Keynesian remedies, and I am a confirmed Keynesian. I have not yet seen an economy in recession when you are gearing up for war."He worries that the world's largest economic power is not living up to its responsibilities."I would like the United States to live up to the responsibilities of its hegemonic power because it is not going to give up its hegemonic power, "he says."The only thing that is realistic is for the United States to become aware that it is in its enlightened self－interest to ensure that the rest of the world benefits from their role."
索羅斯最不擔(dān)心的就是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)。他說(shuō)："我對(duì)美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力比對(duì)現(xiàn)在的市場(chǎng)更有信心，因?yàn)槲覀冋谶M(jìn)行的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不僅是對(duì)付恐怖主義，而且也是在向經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退開戰(zhàn)。盡管我們不承認(rèn)，但我們實(shí)際是在奉行凱恩斯主義藥方，我是一個(gè)堅(jiān)定的凱恩斯主義者。我從來(lái)沒見過哪個(gè)國(guó)家在準(zhǔn)備戰(zhàn)事時(shí)還會(huì)陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退。"他擔(dān)心這個(gè)世界上最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó)不能承擔(dān)起自己的責(zé)任。他說(shuō)："我希望美國(guó)能夠承擔(dān)起作為霸權(quán)國(guó)家的職責(zé)，因?yàn)槊绹?guó)不會(huì)放棄自己的霸權(quán)地位。惟一現(xiàn)實(shí)的是，美國(guó)應(yīng)意識(shí)到，保證世界上其他國(guó)家能從他們自己所承擔(dān)的角色中受益，顯然是符合美國(guó)自身利益的。"
By Charlotte Denny
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