1.定義:用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。
2.構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句。
3賓語從句的語序一定是陳述句語序。(who 作主語的從句本身就是陳述句語序)
4賓語從句在復合句中作主句的賓語,連接賓語從句的連詞有that(that在口語中常省略)。 whether,if,和連接代詞what, which, who, whom及連接副詞when, where, how, why。
He knew(that) he should study hard.
他知道他應該努力學習。
Can you tell me which class you are in?
您能告訴我,您在哪一班嗎?
He asked me if he could come in,
他問我他是否能進來。
5.引導賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類:
(1)從屬連詞that.如:一般那情況下可以省略。
He told us that he felt ill.
I know he has returned.
注: that在引導賓語從句時也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下,that不能省略。
1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.
(and連接兩個賓語從句,that賓語從句放在and的后面時,that不能省略。)
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.
(that引導的賓語從句作介詞賓語時,that不能省略。)
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.(that從句位于句首時,that不可省略。)
我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。
(2)從屬連詞if/whether.如:
I doubt whether he will succeed.
I don’t know if you can help me.
(3)連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,
whichever
連接副詞 where,when,how,why.
Who or what he was,Martin never learned.
I wonder what he’s writing to me about.
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.
注意
1.如果賓語從句后還有賓語補足語,則用it作形式賓語,而將賓語從句后置。
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
2.某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句,這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,連詞that可省略。
I am not sure what I ought to do.
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
3.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導的賓語從句
if和whether引導的賓語從句可以互換使用,但whether常和or not連用,
if一般不與or not連用。如:
I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。
用if引導賓語從句如果會引起歧義,應避免使用if而用wheter.試比較:
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語從句,意為“請告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語從句意為“如果你想去的話,請告訴我一聲”。
4.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等動詞后的賓語從句,有時謂語盡管是否定意思,卻不用否定形式,而將think等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。如?/p>
I don’t think you are right.
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.
I don’t suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意,是嗎?
5.賓語從句的時態(tài)變化規(guī)律:
主句 從句
一般現(xiàn)在時 可根據(jù)需要用任何時態(tài)。
一般過去時 過去的某種時態(tài),例如:一般過去,過去進行,過去完成,過去將來等
注意:說到自然現(xiàn)象和普遍真理時,用一般現(xiàn)在時
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
賓語從句應注意的問題
1.時態(tài)的一致(主句的時態(tài)與從句的時態(tài)一致) a.賓語從句中如果主句是現(xiàn)在的時態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時),從句的時態(tài)可根據(jù)實際情況而定。
I know he lives here.我知道他住在這兒。
I know he lived here ten years ago.
我知道他十年前住在這兒。
I have heard that he will come.
我已經(jīng)聽說他要來了。
b.賓語從句中如果主句是過去的時態(tài)(包括一般過去時、過去進行時),那么從句的時態(tài)一定要用過去的時態(tài)(包括一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時)。
I know who lives here.我知道誰住在這兒。
I know who lived here 我知道誰住過這兒。
Everyone he asks us if everyone is here.
He asked us if everyone was here.
他問我們是否所有的人都出席了。
He has said that he has seen it.
他說過他已經(jīng)看了。
He said that he had seen it.
他說他已經(jīng)看了。
2.語序的變化
a.陳述句變?yōu)橘e語從句時,語序不變。
陳述句:He is an honest man.
他是一個誠實的人。
賓語從句:I said he was an honest man.
(連詞that可省)
我說他是一個誠實的人。
陳述句:We'll Win.
我們會贏。
賓語從句:We believe we'll win.
我們相信我們會贏。
b.一般疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句時語序要變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序,用whether,if連接。
一般疑問句:Does he study hard?
他學習認真嗎?
賓語從句:I wonder if(whether)he studies hard.
我不知道他是否認真學習。
一般疑問句:Will they win?他們會贏嗎?
賓語從句:I asked if(whether) they would win.
我問他們是否會贏。
c.特殊疑問句變?yōu)橘e語從句時語序要變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序,用連接代詞或副詞(即保留原來的疑問詞)。
特殊疑問句:Who is he?
他是誰?
賓語從句:Do you know who he is?
你知道他是誰嗎?
特殊疑問句:What does he want?
他要什么?
賓語從句:I don't know what he wants.
我不知道他要什么。
注意
Who went there?
(特殊疑問句)
誰去那里呢?
I wonder who
went there.
(賓語從句)
我不知道誰去那里。
因為是對主語提問,所以特殊疑問句語序不變。變?yōu)橘e語從句時,語序依然不變。
特殊疑問句:When did he leave?
他何時離開的?
賓語從句:I know when he left.
我知道他是什么時候離開的。
特殊疑問句:Where will he arrive?
他將會到哪里呢?
賓語從句:He asked me where he would arrive.
他問我他將會到哪里。