用一個(gè)句子作賓語(yǔ),這個(gè)句子就是賓語(yǔ)從句。賓語(yǔ)從句的三大考點(diǎn)是時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)序和引導(dǎo)詞。
在含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句中,主句與從句之間要有一個(gè)連接詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句,這個(gè)連接詞稱為賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞分三類,一是連接代詞that,二是連詞if和whether,三是特殊疑問(wèn)詞。
1.that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句是陳述句時(shí),用連詞that引導(dǎo)。that在從句中只起引導(dǎo)作用,沒(méi)有詞義,不做句子成分,在口語(yǔ)中常常省略。如:
We believe that he is honest.我們相信他是誠(chéng)實(shí)的。
I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建議我們應(yīng)當(dāng)明天走。
We learnt from his letter that he was in Spain.從他的信里我們了解到他在西班牙。
I didn't know (that)he was Li Lei.我不知道他就是李雷。
She said (that)she would come to the meeting.她說(shuō)她要來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)。
I promise you (that)I will be there.我答應(yīng)你我會(huì)去。
注意:
不能省略that的8種賓語(yǔ)從句
①賓語(yǔ)從句前有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)that不能省略。如:
We hope,on the contrary,that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反,我們希望他和我們呆在家里。
②賓語(yǔ)從句前有間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)that不能省略。如:
He told me that he was leaving for Japan.他告訴我他要去日本。
③that在與之并列的另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句之后不能省略。如:
He said (that)the book was very interesting and that all the children like to read it.他說(shuō)那本書(shū)很有趣,所有小孩都喜歡讀。(后一個(gè)that不能省略)
④在“it (形式賓語(yǔ))+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”之后的賓語(yǔ)從句that不能省略。如:
I think it necessary that he should stay here.我認(rèn)為他有必要留在這里。
⑤that從句單獨(dú)回答問(wèn)題時(shí)不省略that。如:
— What did he hear?他聽(tīng)說(shuō)什么事了?
— That Kate had passed the exam.(他聽(tīng)說(shuō))凱特考試及格了。
⑥在except,but等介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句that不能省略。如:
He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽煙太多之外,沒(méi)有什么特別的毛病。
⑦為了強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)把從句位于句首時(shí),that不能省略。如:
That our team will win,I believe.我相信我們隊(duì)會(huì)贏。
⑧在較為正式的場(chǎng)合或不常用的動(dòng)詞(如reply,object)后通常不省略that。如:
He replied that he disagreed.他回答說(shuō)他不同意。
2.if/whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí),從句要用if或whether引導(dǎo),if和whether意為“是否”,在句中不做句子成分,也不能省略。
I asked him if he was busy.我問(wèn)他忙不忙。
I asked him whether he was coming.我問(wèn)他是否要來(lái)。
I don't know if (whether)he'll arrive in time.我不知道他是否能及時(shí)到。
I didn't know whether they liked the place.我不知道他們是否喜歡這個(gè)地方。
I wonder if it's large enough.我不知道它是否夠大。
She didn't say if he was still alive.她沒(méi)說(shuō)他是否還活著。
I don't know whether he'll arrive in time.我不知道他是否能及時(shí)到。
I asked her whether she agreed.我問(wèn)她是否同意。
[辨析] if和whether的用法區(qū)別:
if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,意思是“是否”,可與whether互換使用,if在口語(yǔ)中用得較多,whether多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ)及正式的場(chǎng)合。
(1)在引導(dǎo)否定概念的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),只能用if,而不用whether。如:
He asked me if I hadn't finished my work.他問(wèn)我是否還沒(méi)有完成那項(xiàng)工作。
(2)在下列情況下多用whether而不用if:
①在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用whether,而不用if。如:
I can't decide whether to stay.我不能決定是否留下。
He doesn't know whether to visit that old man again.他不知道是否再去看望那位老人。
②在介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句,只能用whether引導(dǎo)而不用if。如:
His father is worried about whether he will lose his work.他的父親擔(dān)心是否會(huì)失去工作。
③當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句置于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)用whether引導(dǎo)不宜用if。如:
Whether he lives there,I want to know.我想知道他是否住在那里。
④與or not 連用時(shí)用whether連接而不用if。如:
I don't know whether or not they will come for our help.我不知道他們是否要來(lái)求我們支援。
注意: 若whether和or not不連在一起,在口語(yǔ)中可以用if取代whether,當(dāng)然也可以用whether。如:
I am not certain if/whether the train will arrive on time or not.我沒(méi)有把握火車是否準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。
I don't care if/whether your car breaks down or not.我不在乎您的車是否會(huì)出故障。
⑤在及物動(dòng)詞discuss后的賓語(yǔ)從句中,只能用whether,不能用if。如:
We discussed whether we should make a change in our plan.我們討論了是否要對(duì)我們的計(jì)劃作一些修改。
⑥在及物動(dòng)詞know后的賓語(yǔ)從句,為避免產(chǎn)生歧義常用whether而不用if引導(dǎo)。如:
Let me know whether he has left for Shanghai.告訴我他是否已經(jīng)去上海了。
3.特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是一個(gè)特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),特殊疑問(wèn)詞就是引導(dǎo)詞。如:
I don't know who/whom you mean.我不知道你指誰(shuí)。
Please tell me which you like.請(qǐng)告訴我你喜歡哪一個(gè)。
You don't know what you are talking about.你在說(shuō)什么,你自己也不知道。
He asked why he had to go alone.他問(wèn)他為什么必須一個(gè)人去。
I asked how he was getting on.我問(wèn)他情況怎樣。
He knows where they live.他知道他們住哪里。
I'd like to know when they will let him out.我很想知道他們什么時(shí)候會(huì)放他出來(lái)。
注意:
what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句有兩種含義。一是表示疑問(wèn),意為“什么”,二是表示“所……的”。如:
I don't know what his name is.我不知道他叫什么名字。
Do you know what he is doing there?你知道他在那里干什么嗎?
I take back what I said.我收回我所說(shuō)的。
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