[高中]全新語法:句子成分 三、賓語

三、賓語

1.及物動詞賓語

He wrote many plays .他寫了許多劇本。（名詞作賓語）

We often help him .我們經(jīng)常幫助他。（代詞作賓語）

— How many fish did you catch？ ——你釣了幾條魚？

— I caught three .——我釣了三條。（數(shù)詞作賓語）

He likes to play basketball .他喜歡打籃球。（不定式作賓語）

We enjoy listening to the music .我們很喜歡聽這首音樂。（動名詞短語作賓語）

She said that she felt sick . 她說她病了。（從句做賓語）

2.介詞賓語

（1）名詞作介詞賓語

The town is beside the sea .城鎮(zhèn)坐落在海邊。

Are you interested in history ？ 你對歷史感興趣嗎？

（2）代詞作介詞賓語

He got there before me .他比我先到那兒。

No one can sing like her .沒有人能像她那樣唱歌。

【提示】 人稱代詞用作賓語只能用賓格。

（3）動名詞作介詞賓語

He is good at telling stories .他善于講故事。

He went out without being seen by the others .他出去了，沒有被其他人看見。

（4）“疑問詞+to do”作介詞賓語

Bill said something to her about what to do .比爾給她講了講應當怎樣做。

He gave me some advice on how to do it .對于如何做這事他給我提了些建議。（5）形容詞作介詞賓語

Her pronunciation is far from perfect .她的語音遠不是完美的。

He regarded the situation as serious .他認為形勢嚴峻。

【提示】 形容詞作介詞賓語可被認為其前省略了動名詞being。

（6）數(shù)詞作介詞賓語

The city has a population of four million .這座城市有四百萬人口。

He was among the first to arrive.他是第一批到的。

（7）介詞短語作介詞賓語

Choose a book from among these .從這些書中選一本吧。

I saw her from across the street .我看見她在街對面。

He has known her since before the war .自戰(zhàn)前他就認識她了。

He cannot spare any time except on Sunday .除星期日外，他抽不出時間。

We’ve decided to go on foot instead of by bus .我們決定步行去而不乘車。

He didn’t arrive there till after midnight .半夜過后他才到達那兒。

【提示】 介詞短語作賓語的介詞通常是 from，till/until，since，except，instead of等。

（8）從句作介詞賓語

He was not satisfied with what she said .他對她說的不滿意。

I’m worried about where he is .我擔心他上哪兒去了。

3.直接賓語和間接賓語

4.同源賓語

cough a ...cough 咳嗽　　　　　　dance a ...dance 跳了一段……舞蹈

die a ...death 犧牲　　　　　　　dream a ...dream 做了個……夢

fight a ...fight 進行……斗爭　　　laugh a ...laugh 大笑

live a ...life 過……的生活　　　　sigh a ...sigh 嘆氣

sleep a ...sleep 睡了個……覺　　　smile a ...smile 微笑

She sleeps a sweet sleep only on Sundays.只有在周日她才能甜美地睡一覺。

I was dreaming a terrible dream .我正在做噩夢。

5.賓語補足語

（1）名詞作賓補

The war made him a soldier .戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.

They elected Tom a Member of Parliament.他們選湯姆為國會議員。

They appointed him chairman of the committee.他們?nèi)蚊麨槲瘑T會主席。

【提示】 表示唯一的職務頭銜的名詞作賓補時，用零冠詞。

（2）形容詞作賓補

New methods make the job easy .新方法使這項工作變得輕松。

They beat the prisoner unconscious .他們把那犯人打得昏了過去。（3）副詞作賓補

He found his teacher out when he called on him.

他去拜訪他的老師時，發(fā)現(xiàn)老師不在家。

The guide showed all the visitors in .導游把所有的來訪者帶了進去。

（4）介詞短語作賓補

I often find him at work .我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作。

We found her in tears .我們發(fā)現(xiàn)她在哭泣。

（5）動詞不定式作賓補

The teacher ask him to close the windows .老師讓他關上窗戶。

We’ll invite all our friends to come .我們將邀請所有的朋友都來。

（6）（不帶to）動詞不定式作賓補

Will you have Mary call me back ？ 你能讓瑪麗給我回電話嗎？

She noticed a car crash into a big tree nearby .

她注意到一輛小汽車撞到了附近的大樹上。

（7）現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補

I saw a cat running across the road .我看見一只貓跑過了馬路。

I saw little Tom being punished by his parents .我看見小湯姆正在被他父母懲罰。

（8）過去分詞作賓補

I will have all my clothes washed this afternoon.今天下午我將把所有衣服都拿去洗。

Nobody noticed the office broken into .沒人發(fā)現(xiàn)有人闖入辦公室。

We should keep them informed of what is going on here.

我們應當讓他們知道這兒發(fā)生的情況。

【提示】

①“find oneself+賓補”表示“不知不覺發(fā)現(xiàn)自己處于某種狀態(tài)”。

He returned to England to find himself famous.

他回到英國，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己竟出了名。（find oneself+形容詞）

Mary found herself talking to a stranger.

瑪麗發(fā)現(xiàn)自己竟然在和一個陌生人交談。（find oneself+現(xiàn)在分詞）

They found themselves in a big canyon.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在一個大峽谷中。（find oneself+介詞短語）

We found ourselves back in a village at the foot of the mountain.

我們發(fā)現(xiàn)又回到了山腳下的一個村子了。（find oneself+副詞）

②make oneself done意為“使某人自己被……”。

Can you make yourself understood in English？ 你能用英語表達你的意思嗎？

He spoke loudly so as to make himself heard.他高聲講以便別人能聽見他的聲音。

6.it作形式賓語

（1）代替不定式

I think/find/feel/consider/make/believe ...+it+形容詞/名詞+to do sth.

I find it pleasant to work with him .我覺得和他一起工作很愉快。

They felt it difficult to finish the work in such a short time .

他們認為在這么短的時間內(nèi)完成這項工作是困難的。

She thinks it her duty to help us .她覺得幫助我們是她的責任。

（2）代替動名詞

I think/find/feel/consider/make/believe ...+it+形容詞/名詞+doing sth.

The professor considers it no good reading without understanding .

這位教授認為閱讀而不理解沒有益處。

Do you consider it any good trying again ？ 你覺得再試會有好處嗎？

We think it no use complaining .我們認為抱怨是沒有用的。

He found it useless/no use arguing with him .他發(fā)現(xiàn)和他辯論沒有用。

（3）代替賓語從句

I think/find/feel/consider/make/believe ...+it+形容詞/名詞+that ...

We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled .

會議竟然取消了，我們都感到很遺憾。

I think it best that you should stay here .我認為你最好住這兒。

George made it clear that he disagreed .喬治明白地表示他不同意。

I thought it peculiar that she hadn’t written to me .她沒有來信，我覺得有點奇怪。

（4）代替that，if，when等引導的從句

I like/enjoy/love/hate/take/have/put ...+it+that ...

I like/enjoy/love/hate/dislike/appreciate/prefer ...+it+if/when從句

I like it that you came .你來了，我很高興。

I take it （that）he will come on time .我認為他會準時來的。

You can put it that it was arranged before .你可以說這是以前安排的。

I dislike it when you whistle .我不愛聽你吹口哨。

We really appreciate it when she offered to help .她來幫忙了，我們十分感激。

I’d prefer it if I didn’t have to do so much work .

要是我不必做那么多工作，那就太好了。

（5）在“vt.+it+prep.+從句”句式中代替從句

owe it to sb.that 把……歸功于　　　　　　　leave it to sb.that 把……留給某人去做

take it for granted that 認為……想當然　　 keep it in mind that 把……記在心中

I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it .

我讓你自己判斷這事是否該做。

We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident .多虧了你才沒有發(fā)生嚴重事故。