談談托福聽力中的“舉例子”
在對話中，是不是student動不動就說 one of my classmate told me 巴拉巴拉，或者是when I graduated from high school 的時候做過啥事?在講座中，老師講到動物會不會照鏡子的時候就列舉了好多動物的行為?這些一句話或者是一段話的examples都會成為托福聽力的高頻考點。
比如：TPO 18的 conversation 1的第三題：
3. Why does the student mention hosting foreign-exchange students?
A. To explain his interest in a particular field of study
B. To explain why he is looking for a job so late in the semester
C. To explain why he would like to be an exchange student the following year
D. To explain how he learned his computer skills
這篇對話的主旨是一男生轉學到新學校，詢問兼職工作的事情。在老師詢問學生，為何選擇該校專業(yè)時，男生向老師闡述了自己的家庭和個人經歷還解釋自己對于所學專業(yè)的喜愛。在這里，我們聽力的是statement +example 這樣的形式，特殊的在于：老師的提問引出了需要闡明的觀點或者是態(tài)度，而學生通過例子來回答了老師的問題。這些考點主要根據說話人對于經歷的回憶來說明自己的態(tài)度。
我們來看下對應的文本：
Professor: We do have a great program. Well how did you get interested in international studies?
Student: My family hosted a few foreign exchange students while I was growing up. Then I took part in an international summer program after I graduated from high school. I thought I really like meeting people from all over, getting to know them.
Professor: OH! Ok! And that led you to our program. …
在這里我們看到，老師提出問題，學生沒有直接回答，而是回憶小時候的事情來闡述自己為什么選擇 international study 這個專業(yè)來學習。也就是說，在對話中引出例子的主要意義在于解釋說話人的觀點，推動對話的進行。
那么在講座中，例子是如何進行考察的呢?我們還是來看一個例子。比如, TPO 24中的 lecture 4的第四題：
4. Why does the professor mention a bottle?
A. To illustrate the shape of the interior of a passage grave
B. To describe part of a Neolithic burial ceremony
C. To help explain how resonance is produced
D. To give an example of an artifact found in a Neolithic site
對應的原文是：
Michael: How so?
Professor: Well, first the echoes. When religious leaders started chanting with echoes bounced off the…(此處省略若干)… And another bit of physics I played here is something called Resonance. I know physics, but well I imagine you have all below near of top empty bottles and heard sounds it makes. And you probably notice that depending on its size--- each empty bottle plays one particular music note. Or it is the physics might put it, each bottle resonates at a particular frequency. Well, that's true of these chambers too.
從這個例子可以看出，學生提出疑問，老師先給出答案，接著提出例子 bottle 來詳細闡釋原理。這篇考古學講座的主旨是：The sound effects that Neolithic people could experience in passage graves, 而從主旨的角度出發(fā)，那么這道題目答案就選出C。甚至夸張地來說，我們沒有聽到這個例子，也是可以直接選到C的，因為只有C選項中有resonance(聲音共鳴，共振)是和主旨對應的。
舉例作為最常用的一種表達手法，在托福聽力中運用地也非常普遍，學生們可具體問題具體分析，正確分析好例子在每篇聽力文章中具體的考法，分好主次，相信定能在考試中起到積極作用。
