托福閱讀高分技巧之指代題詳解

　　現(xiàn)行的托福考試依然重視對(duì)閱讀能力的考查，并且托福考試不僅有單獨(dú)的新托福閱讀理解測(cè)試，還從各類型題全方位的考查考生的閱讀理解能力。下面給大家推薦一篇關(guān)于指代題的解析過程：

　　一、問題形式

　　被考的文章中有一個(gè)詞或詞組被加亮，這個(gè)詞通常是一個(gè)代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下：

　　The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

　　二、解題步驟

　　1.根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案

　　2.代入原文驗(yàn)證，看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順

　　三、基本原則

　　1.就近指代

　　所謂就近指代，就是被指代對(duì)象通常在指代詞前不遠(yuǎn)處，如本句或上一句中。有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如，

　　Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

　　The phrase this problem in the passage refers to

　　interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas

　　building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines

　　the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines

　　meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

　　本題涉及的是一個(gè)詞組this problem.尋找這一詞組的指代對(duì)象時(shí)只需向上搜索就行。根據(jù)就近原則，前一句中的主語the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步確定為答案。將其代入原文，符合語義和邏輯，因此第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)和第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都和this problem相距較遠(yuǎn)，而且代入時(shí)語義和邏輯上不通，因此為干擾選項(xiàng)。

　　2.數(shù)格一致

　　被指代對(duì)象通常與指代詞在數(shù)(如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))和格(主格或賓格)兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

　　四、主要思路

　　1.主從復(fù)合句中的指代

　　在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句的代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如，

　　The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

　　The word they in the passage refers to

　　qualities

　　fins

　　grooves

　　depressions

　　在這一例子中，從句so that they…中的代詞主語they指代主句的名詞主語the fins，因此第二個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

　　如果主從復(fù)合句中一個(gè)句子(可以是主句，也可以是從句)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，包含被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句子中的主語常指代另一句中的賓語。例如，

　　Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.

　　The word none in the passage refers to

　　food

　　plant or animal

　　energy

　　big body

　　在本例中，if引導(dǎo)的從句使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)，代詞主語none指代前面主句中的賓語energy.因此，第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

　　2.并列動(dòng)詞中的指代

　　如果一個(gè)句中有兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞的代詞賓語經(jīng)常指代前一個(gè)動(dòng)詞后的名詞賓語。例如，

　　Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

　　The word “that” in line 27 refers to

　　(A)contemporary art

　　(B)opportunity

　　(C)audience

　　(D)distinction

　　句中有兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞recognizing和 taking (into account)，其中recognizing的賓語是distinction，而taking 的賓語是that.根據(jù)上述技巧，that指代distinction.因此，(D)為正確答案。

　　3.平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的指代

　　平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，平行結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)部分的兩個(gè)代詞經(jīng)常指代同一對(duì)象：前一句中的名詞主語。例如，

　　In Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.

　　The word others in the passage refers to

　　chambers

　　paintings

　　beasts

　　parades

　　原文包含平行結(jié)構(gòu)some…others，它們都指代前一句中的名詞主語beasts，因此第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。

　　4.所有格的指代

　　所有格代詞經(jīng)常指代其前面與其最接近的名詞。例如，

　　Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.

　　The word “their” in line 1 refers to

　　(A)folk

　　(B)nations

　　(C)countries

　　(D)objects

　　根據(jù)所有格指代的解題技巧，their指代前面位置最近的名詞objects，因此(D)為正確答案。

　　5.指代的接力棒現(xiàn)象

　　這一現(xiàn)象是指被考的代詞對(duì)應(yīng)前面一個(gè)相同的代詞，而前面的代詞指代更前一句中的名詞。例如，

　　While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only those people who appear at a certain location.

　　The word “they” in line 8 refers to

　　(A)North Americans

　　(B)news shows

　　(C)interviews

　　(D)opinions

　　在這一例子中，第二句中的代詞they(reflect the opinions…)對(duì)應(yīng)第一句中的they(are not…)，而第一個(gè)they指代前面從句中的名詞主語interviews，那么第二個(gè)they也指代interviews，因此(C)為正確答案。

　　除了上述情況之外，其他指代，如定語從句中(of which…, in which…, from which…)的關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞，from there結(jié)構(gòu)中的there指代前面最接近的地點(diǎn)名詞等，限于篇幅，不再詳述。

　　以上是托福閱讀中指代題的全方位解析，考生們?cè)趥淇纪懈ｉ喿x時(shí)要養(yǎng)成“邊讀邊記”的習(xí)慣，會(huì)讓閱讀效率大大提高。最后小編祝大家考試順利!