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《考研英語閱讀理解100篇 高分版》 Unit 18 - TEXT THREE

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2019年02月17日

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It is a curious irony that Europe, which often takes a dim view of market forces, lets them rip in sport, while America, usually the world's most enthusiastic exponent of commerce and its consequences for society, has all sorts of arrangements in place to mitigate its effects on the nation's favourite pastimes. But these days, the American model is gaining adherents in Europe. Sports ministers in many countries are arguing that football needs to be exempted from competition law in order to allow governing bodies to equalise the resources of clubs without risking prosecution. The European Commission's strategy paper on sport, published on July 11th, ignored those calls; but the pressure will not go away.
Professional sport differs from other businesses in one important respect. Rival teams need each other to produce a sellable product: a match. In most businesses cooperation between rivals would attract the ire of antitrust authorities. But in sport, an element of collusion is unavoidable. The balance between collusion and individualism is a hard one to strike, but has been managed reasonably well by Europe's trustbusters. The collective selling of television rights, now the main source of income for football's elite, has usually been sanctioned by the European Commission's antitrust arm. Joint marketing is defensible, because sports contests are by their nature a collaboration.
Egalitarians quibble that the bulk of the money ends up with rich well-supported clubs. The English Premier League, for instance, collectively sells its television rights and splits the proceeds between clubs. But a club's share partly depends on how many of its games are broadcast and how high it finishes in the league, so Chelsea and Manchester United get a bigger slice. The worry is that the continued dominance of national championships by a few clubs will drive away supporters.
In the United States the baseball, basketball, hockey and American football leagues try to mitigate the effects of competition and inequality through revenue- and talent-sharing agreements, such as “the draft” (baseball even has a specific exemption from antitrust law). But it is not clear that this is either necessary or desirable. Measures to increase equality within a league take the edge off competition—and therefore, presumably, off the terror that drives sportsmen to excellence.
There is more to sport than watching too well-matched teams vie for supremacy. Professional basketball in America has lost some of its shine since one of Michael Jordan's many retirements ended the Chicago Bulls' dominance of the sport. The lesson from this and from golf's popularity since the emergence of Tiger Woods is that sporting prowess matters more to fans than strict competitive balance.
European football has never been a balanced affair. The very first professional league championship in 1889 was a cakewalk for Preston North End, which went through a 22-game season without losing a match (it won in 1890,too, though never since). Championships in Portugal, Greece, the Netherlands and Scotland are nearly always won by just two or three clubs. Leagues in bigger countries are scarcely less open. Manchester United has won nine out of 15 league titles since the English Premier League was set up in 1992. None of this has impeded the global popularity of football, which has done far better as an export industry than America's more equal sports.
1. The word “mitigate” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means _____.
[A] moderate
[B] enforce
[C] release
[D] mediate
2. In the field of sport, a change or tendency is taking place gradually in Europe that _____.
[A] the government begins to make use of market forces to influence sport
[B] the government intends to sanction relevant football laws so that all clubs can share resources equally
[C] the factors of both cooperation and collision are getting better managed in the sport field
[D] it becomes widely expected that sport could be independent of the market forces
3. Professional sport differs from other businesses in the following aspects except _____.
[A] it is exempted from the influence of antitrust authorities
[B] collusion in sport is not counted as a kind of trust
[C] joint marketing could defend sport from being influenced by antitrust laws
[D] the European Commission supports the coalition in sport
4. Towards the pursuit for the equality within a league, the author's attitude is that _____.
[A] Europe should not be too eager to take more measures for the sake of increasing equality within a league
[B] it is unnecessary to mitigate the effects of competition and inequality
[C] it is somewhat intricate whether this is necessary or desirable to seek competitive balance
[D] too much stress on the equality within a league will reduce the sport prowess
5. From the cases described in the last paragraph, it can be inferred that _____.
[A] European football is characterized by all sorts of inequalities
[B] it is indeed of little value to maintain absolute competitive balance within a league
[C] the charm of sport itself is more important than competitive balance within a league
[D] there is no need for Europe to imitate the American model since the latter is commercially unsuccessful in practice

1. The word “mitigate” (Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means _____.
[A] moderate
[B] enforce
[C] release
[D] mediate
1. mitigate這個(gè)詞(第一段第三行) 最有可能的意思是 _____。
[A] 減少
[B] 加強(qiáng)
[C] 釋放
[D] 協(xié)調(diào)
答案:A 難度系數(shù):☆
分析:猜詞題。根據(jù)第一段:It is a curious irony that Europe, which often takes a dim view of market forces, lets them rip in sport, while America, usually the world's most enthusiastic exponent of commerce and its consequences for society, has all sorts of arrangements in place to mitigate its effects on the nation's favourite pastimes. 說明歐洲雖然不重視市場(chǎng)的力量,卻在體育上讓市場(chǎng)發(fā)揮作用,而美國正相反,那就是采取措施減少市場(chǎng)力量對(duì)體育的影響。因此,答案為A。
2. In the field of sport, a change or tendency is taking place gradually in Europe that _____.
[A] the government begins to make use of market forces to influence sport
[B] the government intends to sanction relevant football laws so that all clubs can share resources equally
[C] the factors of both cooperation and collision are getting better managed in the sport field
[D] it becomes widely expected that sport could be independent of the market forces
2. 在體育領(lǐng)域,歐洲一個(gè)正在逐漸發(fā)生的變化或者說趨勢(shì)是 _____。
[A] 政府開始運(yùn)用市場(chǎng)的力量來影響體育
[B] 政府計(jì)劃批準(zhǔn)相關(guān)的足球法規(guī),以便所有的俱樂部都可以平等地分享資源
[C] 在體育領(lǐng)域,合作和沖突都得到了更好的管理
[D] 更多的人希望體育可以不受市場(chǎng)力量的影響
答案:D 難度系數(shù):☆☆☆
分析:細(xì)節(jié)題。從第一段可以看出,最近美國模式在歐洲也贏得了支持者,美國模式就是市場(chǎng)力量不過多地干涉體育,那么選項(xiàng)D最為符合題意。選項(xiàng)A和B都與這個(gè)意思相違背。選項(xiàng)C的表述與題干所談?wù)摰内厔?shì)無關(guān)。
3. Professional sport differs from other businesses in the following aspects except _____.
[A] it is exempted from the influence of antitrust authorities
[B] collusion in sport is not counted as a kind of trust
[C] joint marketing could defend sport from being influenced by antitrust laws
[D] the European Commission supports the coalition in sport
3. 職業(yè)體育和其他商業(yè)活動(dòng)在下列除 _____ 之外的方面是不同的。
[A] 職業(yè)體育不受反托拉斯機(jī)構(gòu)的影響
[B] 體育的聯(lián)合不是一種托拉斯
[C] 聯(lián)合的市場(chǎng)可以使體育免受反托拉斯法的影響
[D] 歐洲委員會(huì)支持體育的聯(lián)合
答案:C 難度系數(shù):☆☆☆
分析:細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段,職業(yè)體育不同于其他商業(yè)活動(dòng)的地方主要在于,其聯(lián)合是不會(huì)被當(dāng)作托拉斯的。選項(xiàng)A、B和D的內(nèi)容都可以在該段找到,但是選項(xiàng)C所說的關(guān)于法律方面的情況文中卻沒有提及,因此,答案為C。
4. Towards the pursuit for the equality within a league, the author's attitude is that _____.
[A] Europe should not be too eager to take more measures for the sake of increasing equality within a league
[B] it is unnecessary to mitigate the effects of competition and inequality
[C] it is somewhat intricate whether this is necessary or desirable to seek competitive balance
[D] too much stress on the equality within a league will reduce the sport prowess
4. 作者對(duì)于聯(lián)賽中追求平等的看法是 _____。
[A] 歐洲不應(yīng)當(dāng)因?yàn)槁?lián)賽中越來越平等而急于采取更多的措施
[B] 不必減少競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和不平等的影響
[C] 尋求競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的平衡是否必要還是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的問題
[D] 聯(lián)賽中過于強(qiáng)調(diào)平等會(huì)減少體育的魅力
答案:B 難度系數(shù):☆☆☆
分析:態(tài)度題。有關(guān)作者對(duì)于聯(lián)賽中尋求平等的看法,第五段雖然提到,這是否必要還不是很清楚,但這只是總體的看法,并非作者的看法。從后面兩段中可以看出作者贊成保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。因此,選項(xiàng)B符合題意。選項(xiàng)A具有較強(qiáng)的迷惑性,該選項(xiàng)從推理上來說有可能是正確的,但是文章中卻并沒有明確地提及。
5. From the cases described in the last paragraph, it can be inferred that _____.
[A] European football is characterized by all sorts of inequalities
[B] it is indeed of little value to maintain absolute competitive balance within a league
[C] the charm of sport itself is more important than competitive balance within a league
[D] there is no need for Europe to imitate the American model since the latter is commercially unsuccessful in practice
5. 從最后一段描述的案例中可以推斷出 _____。
[A] 歐洲足球的特點(diǎn)就是存在各種各樣的不平等
[B] 在聯(lián)賽內(nèi)部保持絕對(duì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)平衡幾乎是沒有價(jià)值的
[C] 體育本身的魅力要比聯(lián)賽中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)平衡更加重要
[D] 歐洲不必模仿美國的模式,因?yàn)楹笳咴谏虡I(yè)實(shí)踐上并不成功
答案:C 難度系數(shù):☆☆☆☆
分析:推理題。最后一段中的幾個(gè)案例都是聯(lián)賽內(nèi)部不平衡的例子,最后提到,這些都未能阻止足球在全世界流行。可以看出,選項(xiàng)C最為符合題意。選項(xiàng)D有較強(qiáng)的干擾性,最后一段說明的主要問題是,歐洲沒有必要模仿美國的模式,但主要原因不是因?yàn)槊绹J皆谏虡I(yè)上不成功,而是因?yàn)闅W洲模式本身就非常成功。選項(xiàng)A說明的是一個(gè)事實(shí),但不是作者寫這篇文章的主要目的。選項(xiàng)B的表述在文章中也沒有提及。

這是一個(gè)很有趣的諷刺:歐洲往往對(duì)于市場(chǎng)的力量不屑一顧,卻在體育上任其發(fā)揮作用;而美國雖然是全世界對(duì)商業(yè)最熱情的支持者,且美國社會(huì)本身就是商業(yè)發(fā)展的結(jié)果,但這個(gè)國家卻采取了各種措施來減少其對(duì)本國最受歡迎娛樂活動(dòng)的影響。但是最近,美國模式在歐洲也贏得了支持。許多國家的體育部長認(rèn)為,足球需要免受競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法的限制,這樣,政府機(jī)構(gòu)不用冒被起訴的危險(xiǎn),就可以平衡俱樂部的資源。歐洲委員會(huì)于7月11日發(fā)表了體育戰(zhàn)略報(bào)告,對(duì)這些呼吁置之不理,但是這種壓力卻不會(huì)消失。
職業(yè)體育與其他商業(yè)行為在一個(gè)重要方面是不同的,即作為對(duì)手的兩個(gè)隊(duì)需要對(duì)方來創(chuàng)造可出售的產(chǎn)品——比賽。在大多數(shù)的商業(yè)活動(dòng)中,對(duì)手間的合作會(huì)招致反托拉斯機(jī)構(gòu)的反感。但是在體育界,聯(lián)合的因素是不可避免的。團(tuán)隊(duì)與個(gè)人之間的平衡是很難把握的,但是歐洲的聯(lián)邦反托拉斯檢察官們卻處理得很好。出售電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)的收入是足球精英們目前最主要的收入來源,集體出售電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)通常能獲得歐洲委員會(huì)反托拉斯部門的批準(zhǔn)。聯(lián)合市場(chǎng)是有正當(dāng)理由的,因?yàn)轶w育比賽本身就是一種聯(lián)合。
平等主義者認(rèn)為,大量的金錢最后只是造就了廣受支持的俱樂部。比如,英格蘭超級(jí)聯(lián)賽共同出售了其電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán),各俱樂部之間瓜分收益。但是每個(gè)俱樂部得到的份額一部分取決于電視轉(zhuǎn)播其比賽的場(chǎng)數(shù),還要看它在聯(lián)賽中的最終排名,因此切爾西和曼徹斯特聯(lián)隊(duì)獲得了較大的份額。現(xiàn)在的擔(dān)憂就是,一些俱樂部持續(xù)把持著國家錦標(biāo)賽,這樣可能會(huì)趕走那些支持者。
在美國,棒球、籃球、曲棍球以及橄欖球聯(lián)賽都試圖通過收入和球員共享協(xié)議——如“草稿”(棒球甚至有免受反托拉斯法限制的特別權(quán)利)——以減少競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和不平等的影響。但這是否必要或值得還不很清楚。在聯(lián)賽之間增加平等的措施減少了競(jìng)爭(zhēng),因此恐怕也減少了促使運(yùn)動(dòng)員不斷完善自身的恐懼。
體育不僅僅意味著觀看實(shí)力不相上下的隊(duì)伍爭(zhēng)奪第一。Michael Jordan每次退役都會(huì)終結(jié)芝加哥公牛隊(duì)的霸主地位,美國職業(yè)籃球因此已經(jīng)失去了其原有的魅力。自從Tiger Woods出現(xiàn)后,高爾夫運(yùn)動(dòng)變得流行起來,這個(gè)例子和Jordan的例子說明,體育的魅力對(duì)于體育迷來說,要比嚴(yán)格的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性平衡重要得多。
歐洲足球從來都不平衡。1889年,第一個(gè)職業(yè)聯(lián)盟錦標(biāo)賽的冠軍就是普雷斯頓隊(duì)的表演賽,它在共有22場(chǎng)比賽的賽季中沒有輸?shù)粢粓?chǎng)(它在1890年也取得了勝利,盡管自此后再?zèng)]贏過)。葡萄牙、希臘、荷蘭和蘇格蘭的錦標(biāo)賽也經(jīng)常是兩三個(gè)俱樂部獨(dú)占鰲頭。大國的聯(lián)賽的開放程度也差不多。曼聯(lián)自從英超聯(lián)賽于1992年成立以來,贏得了15次聯(lián)賽中的9次冠軍。這些都未能阻止足球在全球的流行,作為一種出口的產(chǎn)業(yè),它要比美國同等地位的體育項(xiàng)目做得更好。
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