這些經(jīng)濟熱詞你都懂嗎？

獲得4.3k好評的答案@ Balaji Viswanathan：

Law of Supply & Demand:

供求規(guī)律：

This is the founding block of economics.

這是經(jīng)濟學的基石。

Whenever supply of something increases its price decreases and whenever supply decreases price increases.

物品供給增長則價格下跌，供應(yīng)減少則價格上漲。

Thus, when you have excess production of corn, food prices decrease and vice versa.

因而谷物產(chǎn)量過剩，食物價格則下降;反之亦然。

Think of this intuitively.

You will find its applications in 1000s of places.

憑直覺判斷，你會發(fā)覺這條定律適應(yīng)于千千萬萬個地方。

Growth rate:

增長率：

The growth of an economy is commonly measured in terms of GDP growth rate.

經(jīng)濟體的增長一般是依據(jù)國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值增長率來衡量的。

Since GDP is a measure of national income, this growth rate is a rough proxy for how an average person's income grows every year.

國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值衡量國家的收入，所以增長率可以粗略衡量平均每人每年收入增長多少。

Inflation:

通貨膨脹：

You already know that the price of most products now are higher than in your grandfather's time.

你知道現(xiàn)在大部分產(chǎn)品的價格比你祖父那時要高得多。

Inflation (measured in percent) is measure of how much a bunch of products have increased in price from last year.

通貨膨脹(以百分比計)衡量自上一年起眾多產(chǎn)品價格的漲幅。

In mature economies, annual inflation is around 2% - that means on an average the prices of stuff goes up by 2% every year.

成熟的經(jīng)濟體每年的通貨膨脹率約為2%——即物品價格平均每年上漲2%。

The fundamental role of central banks is to manage this rate and keep it to a low positive number.

中央銀行的基本作用即控制通脹率，確保其增長呈小幅態(tài)勢。

Interest Rates:

利率：

When you loan money to somebody, you expect something extra in return.

This excess is called the interest.

你借錢給別人時，你便會有額外的期待，這額外的部分就是利息。

Interest rate is a positive number that measures how much excess you will get.

利率是衡量你額外獲益多少的一個正數(shù)。

In the short term, this rate is usually set by the Central Banks.

從短期來看，利率通常是由央行規(guī)定的。

Right now it is close to zero. In the long term, this is set by the market and is dependent on inflation and the long term prospects of the economy.

現(xiàn)在短期利率接近于0;從長期來看，利率是由市場決定的，取決于通貨膨脹和長遠的經(jīng)濟前景。

The mechanisms in which the central banks control the short term rates is called monetary policy.

央行控制短期利率的機制就叫做貨幣政策。

Interest Rates vs. Inflation vs. growth:

利率、通貨膨脹和增長：

There exists almost an inverse relationship between interest rates & growth and interest rates also can affect inflation directly.

利率和增長呈反相關(guān)，利率也會直接影響通貨膨脹。

Thus, when you increase interest rates inflation tend to come down, along with growth.

因此，提高利率時，通貨膨脹會趨向緩和，增長也是如此。

One is good and other is bad.

一方得勢，另一方就失勢。

Thus, the constant tension on setting the interest rates.

因此，利率的規(guī)定有恒定的張弛。

In the US, Federal Reserve sets the short term rates making it one of the most watched economic news.

在美國，美聯(lián)儲制定短期利率是最受關(guān)注的經(jīng)濟新聞之一。

Fiscal Policy:

財政政策：

Government can control the economy in a big way by adjusting its expenditure.

政府能夠通過調(diào)整開支大力控制經(jīng)濟。

The group of mechanisms using expenditure form the fiscal policy.

花銷機制形成財政政策。

When government spends more it can lead to more demand and that means more price increase.

This means both high growth and high inflation. And it works in the reverse too.政府支出更多時，則會導致更大需求，即更多價格上漲，這也意味著高增長和高通脹;反之亦然。

Thus, governments try to spend more during periods of low growth & low inflation and cut spending during periods of high growth & high inflation.

因此，在低增長和低通脹期間政府就會設(shè)法加大開支，而在高增長和高通脹期間政府就會削減開支。