我國進入流感高發(fā)期 做好預防很重要

國家衛(wèi)計委發(fā)布的信息稱，近期我國南北方均已進入流感冬季流行病高發(fā)期，門診、急診流感病例高于過去3年同期水平，流感病毒檢測陽性率已達往年高峰水平，并且仍在呈上升趨勢。

A child with the flu is given an intravenous drip at the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University in Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, on Friday. Hospitals in many parts of China have seen a rising number of people seeking treatment for cold. [Photo/China News Services]

Flu outbreaks are up across China compared with previous years, but the epidemic remains at normal levels and is much less severe than the SARS outbreak, said He Xiong, deputy director of the Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

北京市疾病預防控制中心副主任賀雄表示，全國范圍內流感爆發(fā)的病例數量與往年相比有所增加，但是疫情仍在正常水平，其嚴重程度與SARS相去甚遠。

季節(jié)性流感病毒(seasonal influenza virus)分為甲型(Influenza A viruses)和乙型(Influenza B viruses)，其中甲型分為甲1型(H1N1)和甲3型(H3N2)，乙型分為B/Yamagata(BY))和B/Victoria系(BV)。根據國家衛(wèi)計委信息顯示，目前我國三種型別的流感病毒同時流行，包括H1N1、H3N2和乙型BY系，以乙型BY系為主。

據世界衛(wèi)生組織官網的介紹，季節(jié)性流感是一種急性病毒感染(an acute viral infection)，很容易在人與人之間傳播。

季節(jié)性流感的癥狀有：

a sudden onset of fever, cough (usually dry), headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise (feeling unwell), sore throat and a runny nose. The cough can be severe and can last 2 or more weeks. Most people recover from fever and other symptoms within a week without requiring medical attention.

突發(fā)高熱，咳嗽(通常是干咳)，頭痛，肌肉和關節(jié)痛，嚴重身體不適(感覺不適)，咽痛和流鼻涕?？人钥梢院車乐?，可持續(xù)兩周或兩周以上。多數人在一周內康復，發(fā)熱和其它癥狀消失，無需就醫(yī)。

各類人群均有可能感染流感病毒，但是以下這些高危人群感染病毒以后病情加重或發(fā)生并發(fā)癥的風險更高(at greater risk of severe disease or complications when infected)：

pregnant women, children under 59 months, the elderly, individuals with chronic medical conditions (such as chronic cardiac, pulmonary, renal, metabolic, neurodevelopmental, liver or hematologic diseases) and individuals with immunosuppressive conditions (such as HIV/AIDS, receiving chemotherapy or steroids, or malignancy).

孕婦、5歲以下兒童、老年人、慢性病患者(比如，慢性心臟病、肺病、腎病、代謝疾病、神經發(fā)育疾病、肝病或者血液病)以及抑制免疫類疾病患者(比如，艾滋病患者、化療病人或服用類固醇的患者、惡性腫瘤患者)。

此外，每天接觸大量患者的醫(yī)務人員(health care workers)也是感染流感病毒的高危人群。

疾控專家表示，當前的季節(jié)性流感與SARS在病原(pathogen)、傳播力(transmissibility)、致死力(lethality)方面都有所不同，“今年乙型流感堪比SARS”的說法并不靠譜。

如何防控流感

世界衛(wèi)生組織官網表示，預防流感最有效的方式就是接種疫苗(vaccination)，感染病毒以后要根據實際情況考慮進行抗病毒治療(antiviral treatment)。

日常的個人防護措施(personal protective measures)包括：

Regular hand washing with proper drying of the hands

多洗手并注意擦干

Good respiratory hygiene – covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, using tissues and disposing of them correctly

注意呼吸系統衛(wèi)生——咳嗽或打噴嚏時遮掩口鼻，用過的紙巾要妥善處理

Early self-isolation of those feeling unwell, feverish and having other symptoms of influenza

出現身體不適或發(fā)燒等流感癥狀時盡早進行自我隔離

Avoiding close contact with sick people

避免與感染流感患者密切接觸

Avoiding touching one’s eyes, nose or mouth

避免接觸眼口鼻