聯(lián)合國氣候大會達成巴黎協(xié)定實施細則

UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres, executive secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Patricia Espinosa and UN special envoy for the 2019 climate summit Luis Alfonso de Alba attend a meeting with representatives of various NGO organisations before the final session of the COP24 UN Climate Change Conference 2018 in Katowice, Poland, Dec 14, 2018. [Photo/Agencies]

Negotiators from nearly 200 countries on Saturday agreed on a package of the implementation guidelines, or a common rulebook of the landmark 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change.

當?shù)貢r間15日，近200個國家的談判人員一致通過了2015年《巴黎協(xié)定》關(guān)于氣候變化的一套實施細則。

本次大會通過的實施細則主要包括：

guidelines that will operationalize the transparency framework;

透明框架的實施原則;

how countries will provide information about their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that describe their domestic climate actions;

各國在氣候行動方面的自主貢獻信息如何提供;

climate mitigation and adaptation measures as well as details of financial support for climate action in developing countries;

氣候減緩與適應舉措以及發(fā)展中國家氣候行動方面的資金援助細則;

guidelines that relate to the process for establishing new targets on finance from 2025 onwards to follow-on from the current target of mobilizing 100 billion US dollars per year from 2020 to support developing countries;

2025年以后資金援助新目標的確立流程原則，目前制定的目標是從2020年起每年向發(fā)展中國家提供1000億美元的資金援助;

how to assess progress on the development and transfer of technology to developing countries to help them adapt to climate challenges.

幫助發(fā)展中國家應對氣候挑戰(zhàn)的技術(shù)發(fā)展和遷移進度如何評估。

《巴黎協(xié)定》是什么?

《巴黎協(xié)定》(Paris Agreement)是在巴黎出席氣候大會的195國談判代表在2015年12月12日達成的歷史上首個關(guān)于氣候變化的全球性協(xié)定。

《巴黎協(xié)定》共29條，包括目標、減緩、適應、損失損害、資金、技術(shù)、能力建設(shè)、透明度、全球盤點等內(nèi)容。2020年后，各國將以“國家自定貢獻”(nationally determined contribution)的方式參與全球應對氣候變化行動。

長遠目標(the long-term goal)：確保全球平均氣溫較前工業(yè)化水平升高控制在2攝氏度之內(nèi)(make sure the global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels)，并為把升溫控制在1.5攝氏度之內(nèi)“付出努力”("pursue efforts" to limit the temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius)。

減排目標(emissions targets)：與會各方同意每隔5年重新設(shè)定各自的減排目標(set national targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions every five years)。目前已有180多個國家和地區(qū)提交了從2020年起始的五年期限內(nèi)減排目標。

評估目標(reviewing targets): 與會各方今后4年內(nèi)重新評估各自的減排目標，以便適時做出調(diào)整。

透明度(transparency)：要求締約方匯報各自的溫室氣體排放情況以及減排進展，但賦予發(fā)展中國家適度“彈性”(flexibility)。

資金(money): 要求發(fā)達國家繼續(xù)向發(fā)展中國家提供資金援助，從而幫助后者減少碳排放以及適應氣候變化(wealthy countries should continue to offer financial support to help poor countries reduce their emissions and adapt to climate change)。

損失破壞(loss and damage)：該協(xié)定 “承認”損失和破壞的內(nèi)容，主要是針對由氣候變化引發(fā)的災難(recognizing "loss and damage" associated with climate-related disasters)。