大學(xué)英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程下冊(cè)課文(帶字幕)15

[00:00.00]Unit 15 text A
[00:04.28]The Computer and The Poet
[00:06.48]計(jì)算機(jī)和詩(shī)人
[00:08.67]The essential problem of man in a computerized age
[00:15.02]remains the Sameas it has always been.
[00:17.80] 電子計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代人們的基本問(wèn)題仍是一直存在的問(wèn)題相同。
[00:20.58]That problem is not solely how to be more productive more comfortable,
[00:23.82]問(wèn)題不僅僅是如何才能更多產(chǎn),更舒服,
[00:27.06]more content,but how to be more sensitive,
[00:29.94]更滿足,而且還有如何才能更靈敏,
[00:32.81]more sensible,more proportionate,more alive.
[00:35.77]更明智,更均衡,更有活力.
[00:38.74]The computer makes possible a marvellous leap in human pwficiency
[00:42.28]計(jì)算機(jī)使得人類進(jìn)步的驚人飛躍成為可能.
[00:45.82]it pulis down the fences around the practical
[00:51.46]and even the theoretical intelligence.
[00:54.10]它拆除了禁錮著實(shí)踐甚至理論信息的圍欄.
[00:56.74]But the question persists and indeed grows
[01:02.20]whether the computer will make it easier or harder
[01:04.84]但是計(jì)算機(jī)使人類更容易還是更難于了解他們自己到底是誰(shuí),
[01:07.47]for human beings to know who they really are,
[01:10.56]認(rèn)明他們自己真正的問(wèn)題,
[01:13.64]to identify their real problems,to respond more fully to beauty
[01:17.71]并對(duì)美做出更全面的反應(yīng),對(duì)生活予以充分評(píng)價(jià),
[01:21.79]to place adequate value on life,and to make their world safer than it now is.
[01:26.66]使世界比現(xiàn)在更安全?
[01:31.53]Electronic brains
[01:35.58]can reduce the profusion of dead endsinvolved in vital research.
[01:39.16] 電腦能減少生命研究中的許多死胡同.
[01:42.74]But they can't eliminate the foolishness and decay
[01:48.80]that come from the unexamined life.
[01:50.93]但它們不能消除來(lái)自未經(jīng)權(quán)衡的生活的愚蠢和腐朽.
[01:53.06]Nor do they connect a man to the things he has to be connected to
[02:00.32]the reality of pain in others;
[02:02.66]它們也沒(méi)有把一個(gè)人和與這相關(guān)的事情
[02:05.00]the possibilities of creative growth in himself;
[02:07.66]---別人的痛苦現(xiàn)實(shí),本人創(chuàng)造性發(fā)展的可能性,
[02:10.32]the memory of the race; and the rights of the next generation.
[02:14.24]種族的烙印,下一代的權(quán)利聯(lián)系在一起.
[02:18.16]The reason these matters are important in a computerized age
[02:24.80]is that there may be a tendency to mistake data for wisdom,
[02:28.02] 這些事情在電子計(jì)算機(jī)化時(shí)代之所以重要的原因是有可能錯(cuò)把數(shù)據(jù)當(dāng)做智慧,
[02:31.25]just as there has always been a teniency to confuse logic with values
[02:38.69]and intelligence with insight.
[02:41.18]正如總是可能把邏輯與價(jià)值,智力與混淆起來(lái)一樣.
[02:43.66]Easy and convenient access to facts can produce unlimited good
[02:51.21]only if it is matched by the desire and ability to find out
[02:57.68]what they mean and where they would lead.
[03:00.62]容易,方便地獲得的事實(shí)只有與查明它們的意義和導(dǎo)向的愿望和能力相適應(yīng),
[03:03.56]Facts are terrible things if left spreading and unexamined.
[03:07.09]它們太容易被看做已有定評(píng)的可靠事實(shí),
[03:10.62]They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties
[03:17.09]rather than as the rawest of raw materials
[03:22.37]crying to be processedinto the texture of logic.
[03:25.40]而不是迫切需要處理,使之具有邏輯條理的原始材料中最原始的材料.
[03:28.43]It requires a very unusual mind,
[03:33.39]White head said,to undertake the analysis of a fact.
[03:36.48]懷特里德說(shuō),對(duì)事實(shí)進(jìn)行分析需要非同尋常的思想.
[03:39.56]The computer can provide a correct number
[03:42.08]計(jì)算機(jī)可以提供正確的數(shù)字,
[03:44.60]but it may be an irrelevant number until judgment is pronounced.
[03:48.28]但只有有了明確的判斷,它才會(huì)是有意義的數(shù)字.
[03:51.97]To the extent,then,
[03:55.49]that man fails to distinguish between the intermediate operations
[04:02.05]of electronic intelligence and the ultimate responsibilities of human decision,
[04:06.02] 因而,在人不能區(qū)分電子智力的中間運(yùn)算與人的決定的最終責(zé)任的情況下,
[04:09.99]the computer could prove a digression.
[04:12.37]計(jì)算機(jī)可能被證明是一種節(jié)外生枝.
[04:14.75]It could obscure man's awareness of the need to come to terms with himself
[04:18.29]它可能模糊了人還需要滿足于自身?xiàng)l件的這種意識(shí).
[04:21.83]It may foster the illusion that he is asking fundamental questions
[04:29.69]when actually he is asking only functional ones.
[04:33.02]它可能助長(zhǎng)一種錯(cuò)覺(jué),當(dāng)他實(shí)際上只是在問(wèn)功能時(shí),卻認(rèn)為他是在問(wèn)基本問(wèn)題.
[04:36.35]It may be regarded as a substitute for intelligence
[04:42.59]instead of an extension of it.
[04:44.93]它可能會(huì)被認(rèn)為是智力的替代而不是擴(kuò)展,
[04:47.27]It may promote undue confidence in concrete answers.
[04:50.60]它可能使人過(guò)分相信具體答案.
[04:53.93]"If we begin with certainties," Bacon said,"we shall end in doubts
[04:57.90]"如果我們開(kāi)始于確定,"培根說(shuō),
[05:01.87]but if we begin with doubts,
[05:03.79]"我們將結(jié)束于疑惑;
[05:05.71]and we are patient with them we shall end in certainties."
[05:09.15]而如果我們開(kāi)始于疑惑,我們將會(huì)結(jié)束于確定."
[05:12.58]The computer knows how to conquer error,
[05:15.06]計(jì)算機(jī)懂得如何克服錯(cuò)誤,
[05:17.54]but before we lose ourselves in celebrating the victory,
[05:20.42]在我們慶祝勝利迷失自我之前,
[05:23.29]we might reflect on the great advances in the human situation
[05:26.57]我們可能仔細(xì)考慮人類處境發(fā)生的巨大進(jìn)步,
[05:29.85]that have come about because men were challengedby error
[05:32.88]因?yàn)槿祟愂艿藉e(cuò)誤的挑戰(zhàn),
[05:35.91]and would not stop thinking and exploring until they found
[05:41.47]better approaches for dealing with it.
[05:43.60]直到找到更好的處理錯(cuò)誤的方法才會(huì)停止思考和探索.
[05:45.73]Give me a good fruitful error,full of seeds,
[05:48.62]"給我一個(gè)內(nèi)含豐富的錯(cuò)誤,充滿了希望的種子,
[05:51.50]bursting with its own corrections."
[05:53.72]充滿對(duì)自身的糾正,"
[05:55.94]Ferris Greenslet wrote,
[05:57.93]費(fèi)里斯.格林里特寫(xiě)道,
[05:59.92]"You can keep your sterile truth for yourself
[06:02.70]"你可以自己保留貧乏的真理."
[06:05.48]The biggest single need in computer technology is not for increased speed
[06:09.71] 計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)最大的需求不是要提高速度或擴(kuò)大容量,
[06:13.94]or enlarged capacity,or prolonged memory,or reduced size,
[06:17.97]或處長(zhǎng)存儲(chǔ),或減小尺寸,
[06:21.99]but for better questions and better use of the answers.
[06:25.57]而是要提出更好的問(wèn)題,更好地利用其答案.
[06:29.15]Without taking anything away from the technicians,
[06:34.50]we think it might be fruitful to effect some sort of junction
[06:38.28]絲毫不是貶低技師,
[06:42.05]between the computer technologis and the poet.
[06:45.28]我們認(rèn)為在計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)專家和詩(shī)人之間實(shí)現(xiàn)某種聯(lián)系可能會(huì)很益.
[06:48.50]A genuine purpose may be served by turning loose
[06:54.75]the wonders of the creative imagination
[07:00.31]on the kinds of problems being put to electronic technology.
[07:06.76]The company of poets may enable the men
[07:10.00]通過(guò)充分發(fā)揮由電子技術(shù)處理的問(wèn)題的創(chuàng)造性想象的神奇力量,
[07:13.24]who tend the machines to see a wider range of possibilities
[07:16.92]計(jì)算機(jī)可能起到真正的作用.
[07:20.61]than technology alone may inspire.
[07:22.95]與詩(shī)人為伍可能使使用計(jì)算機(jī)的人能看到比技術(shù)自身激發(fā)出的更大范圍的可能性.
[07:25.28]A poet,said Aristotle,has the advantage of expressing the universal;
[07:29.25]亞里士多德說(shuō),詩(shī)人有表達(dá)共性的優(yōu)勢(shì),
[07:33.22]the specialist expresses only the particular.
[07:35.90]而專家只能表達(dá)某一特性.
[07:38.58]The poet,moreover,can remind us
[07:41.40]而且,詩(shī)人還可以提醒我們,
[07:44.22]that man's greatest energy comes not from his dynamos but from his dreams.
[07:48.55]一個(gè)人最大的能量不是來(lái)自他的精力而是來(lái)自他的夢(mèng)想.
[07:52.87]But the quality of a man's dreams can only be a reflectionof his subconscious.
[07:57.09]但一個(gè)人夢(mèng)想的特性只是他的潛意識(shí)的反映.
[08:01.31]What he puts into his subconscious,
[08:06.27]therefore,is quite literally the most important nourishment in the world
[08:09.95]因此,他的潛意識(shí)中的東西確實(shí)是世界上最重要的營(yíng)養(yǎng).
[08:13.64]Nothing.really happens to a manexcept as it is registered in the subconscious.
[08:18.42] 除了在潛意識(shí)中存在的東西,不會(huì)有有其他事情真的發(fā)生在一個(gè)人身上.
[08:23.20]This is where event and feeling become memory
[08:29.44]and where the proof of life is stored.
[08:31.87]事件和感受在此變成記憶,生活的驗(yàn)證依存于此.
[08:34.30]The poet--and we use the term to include all those who have respect for
[08:38.23]詩(shī)人--我們使用的這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)包括所有那些尊重人類靈魂且與之對(duì)話的人
[08:42.16]and speak to the human spirit can help to supply the subconscious with material
[08:51.02]to enhance its sensitivity,thus safeguarding it.
[08:54.35]--有助于為潛意識(shí)提供材料,提高其敏感性并保護(hù)它.
[08:57.68]The poet,too,can help to keep man from making himself over
[09:05.72]in the image of his electronic wonders.
[09:08.45]詩(shī)人還可以使人不至于按照電子奇跡的形象改造自己.
[09:11.18]For the danger is not so much that man will be controlled
[09:14.42]因?yàn)槲ｋU(xiǎn)不在于人被計(jì)算機(jī)控制,
[09:17.66]by the computer as that be may imitate it.
[09:20.54]在于要模仿計(jì)算機(jī)的思維.
[09:23.41]The poet reminds men of their uniqueness.
[09:26.74] 詩(shī)人使人們想起自己的獨(dú)特.
[09:30.07]It is not necessary to possess the ultimate definition of this uniqueness
[09:33.81]人們沒(méi)必要擁有這種獨(dú)特的基本解釋,
[09:37.54]Even to speculate on it is a gain.
[09:40.57]即使思索一下也是一種收獲.
[09:43.60]Text B
[09:46.66]Changes to Come in U.S.Education
[09:48.79]美國(guó)教育將要發(fā)生的變化
[09:50.92]The biggest"infrastructure"challenge for the United States in the next decade
[09:53.74] 美國(guó)下一個(gè)十年最大的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的挑戰(zhàn)不是
[09:56.56]is not the billions needed for railroadshighways and energy.
[09:59.43]鐵路,公路和能源所需的數(shù)十億美元巨款,
[10:02.31]It is the American school system from kindergarten through the Ph.D.program
[10:09.15]and the postgraduate education of adults.
[10:11.37]而是美國(guó)的教育體制,從幼兒園到哲學(xué)博士和成人研究生教育.
[10:13.59]And it requires something far scarcer than money thinking and risk- taking.
[10:16.97]它要求的是比金錢更珍貴的東西---思考和冒險(xiǎn).
[10:20.36]The challenge is not one of expansion.
[10:22.48] 這種挑戰(zhàn)并非一種推廣.
[10:24.61]On the contrary,the rapid growth in enrollment over the last 40 years
[10:30.88]has come to an end.
[10:32.35]相反,過(guò)去40多年來(lái)招生人數(shù)的迅速增長(zhǎng)已告結(jié)束.
[10:33.81]By 1978, more than 93 percent of young people
[10:39.66]entering the labor force had at least an eighth-grade education.
[10:42.30]到1978年,超過(guò)93的成為勞動(dòng)力的青年人至少受到過(guò)8年級(jí)的教育.
[10:44.94]So even if the birthrate should rise some what,
[10:47.21]所以即使出生率有所增長(zhǎng),
[10:49.48]little expansion is possible for elementary and secondary school enrollments
[10:52.76]小學(xué)和中學(xué)的招生人數(shù)可能不會(huì)有多少擴(kuò)大.
[10:56.04]The last 30 years of social upheaval are also over.
[10:58.52] 過(guò)去30年的社會(huì)劇變也結(jié)束了.
[11:01.00]Busing will continue to be a highly emotional issue in a good many large cities.
[11:04.19]用校車接送學(xué)生在許多大城市里仍將是一個(gè)帶有高度感情色彩的問(wèn)題.
[11:07.38]And there will still be efforts to use schools to bring women into fields
[11:10.20]想利用學(xué)校把婦女帶進(jìn)像工程學(xué)這些傳統(tǒng)上被認(rèn)為屬于男性領(lǐng)域的努力依然存在.
[11:13.02]such as engineering that have traditionally been considered male
[11:18.58]But this shift has already been accomplished in many fields:
[11:20.87]但這種轉(zhuǎn)換在許多領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)完成.
[11:23.15]half or more of the accounting students in graduate schools of business
[11:25.83]例如,商業(yè)研究生院半數(shù)或更多的會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)生是女性.
[11:28.51]for example,are now women.
[11:30.39]例如,商業(yè)研究生院半數(shù)或更多的會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)專業(yè)學(xué)生是女性.
[11:32.27]As for most other social issues,
[11:34.15]關(guān)于大多其他社會(huì)問(wèn)題,
[11:36.03]the country will no longer try to use schools to bring about social reform
[11:39.01]國(guó)家將不再利用學(xué)校引起社會(huì)改革.
[11:41.99]It's becoming increasingly clear to policy makers
[11:46.66]that schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community.
[11:49.49]政策制定者截止來(lái)截止清楚地意識(shí)到學(xué)校不能解決大社會(huì)的所有問(wèn)題.
[11:52.31]Instead,the battle cry for the 90s
[11:56.85]will be the demand for performance and accountability.
[11:59.37] 相反,90年代的強(qiáng)烈呼聲將是要求工作表現(xiàn)和能承擔(dān)責(zé)任.
[12:01.89]For 30 years,employers have been hiring graduates for their degrees
[12:08.35]rather than their abilities;employment,
[12:10.62]30年來(lái),雇主一直因?yàn)楫厴I(yè)生的學(xué)位而不是能力來(lái)雇傭他們;
[12:12.89]pay and often even promotion have depended on one's diploma.
[12:15.83]職業(yè),報(bào)酬,常常甚至連晉升都依賴于一個(gè)人的畢業(yè)文憑.
[12:18.77]Now many major employers are beginning to demand more than the completion of school.
[12:22.19]現(xiàn)在許多大雇主開(kāi)始要求纟完成學(xué)業(yè)更多的東西了.
[12:25.61]Some of the major banks, for example,
[12:27.65]例如,
[12:29.69]are studying the possibility of entrance examinatnons
[12:34.83]that would test the knowledge and abilities of graduates applying for jobs
[12:37.62]例如,一些大銀行正在研究測(cè)試求職畢業(yè)生的知識(shí)和能力的入門考試的可能性.
[12:40.40]Students and parents,too,
[12:43.87]will demand greater accountability from schools on all levels.
[12:46.60] 學(xué)生和父母也希望積極級(jí)學(xué)校有更好的成績(jī)責(zé)任制.
[12:49.33]It will be increasingly common to go to lawagainst school districts
[12:52.36]因?yàn)閷W(xué)校授予學(xué)位卻沒(méi)有傳授給學(xué)生樣應(yīng)該得到的技能而狀告校區(qū)
[12:55.39]and colleges for awarding degrees without imparting the skills
[13:01.14]that are supposed to go along with them
[13:02.90]和學(xué)院的事會(huì)越來(lái)截止常見(jiàn).
[13:04.67]And many young people are already switching to practical"hard"subjects
[13:07.64]許多青年人已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向更實(shí)際的"難學(xué)的"課程.
[13:10.62]Caring little about the so-called "youth culture" and the media,
[13:13.21]由于不怎么關(guān)心所謂的"青年文化"和媒體,
[13:15.79]they have been shifting from psychology into medicine,
[13:18.22]他們一直在從心理學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)入醫(yī)學(xué),
[13:20.65]from sociology into accounting and from black studies into computer programming.
[13:24.22]從社會(huì)學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)入會(huì)計(jì)學(xué),從黑人研究轉(zhuǎn)入計(jì)算機(jī)編程.
[13:27.78]Demand for education is actually going up, not down.
[13:30.61] 對(duì)教育的要求事實(shí)上正在提高,并非降低.
[13:33.43]What is going down, and fairly fast,
[13:37.68]is demand for traditional education in traditional schools:
[13:40.47]正在降低,并且降得相當(dāng)快的是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校中傳統(tǒng)教育的要求.
[13:43.25]Indeed,the fastest growing industry in America today
[13:45.82]實(shí)際上,當(dāng)今美國(guó)增長(zhǎng)最快的產(chǎn)業(yè)
[13:48.40]may be the continuing professional education of highly schooled adults
[13:51.41]能是已上了不少學(xué)的成年人的繼續(xù)職業(yè)教育.
[13:54.43]Much of it takes place outside the education establishment through companies,
[13:57.69]這種教育大部分發(fā)生在教育機(jī)構(gòu)之外
[14:00.96]hospitals and government departments that run courses for managerial
[14:04.09]--通過(guò)公司,醫(yī)院和政府部門,
[14:07.23]and professional employees or through management associations
[14:13.08]and trade associations.
[14:14.77]這些單位為其雇傭的管理人員和專業(yè)人員開(kāi)設(shè)課程,
[14:16.45]In the meantime,any number of private enterprises are organizing courses
[14:19.62]或者通過(guò)管理協(xié)會(huì)或待業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)進(jìn)行.
[14:22.80]producing training films and tapes
[14:24.68]同時(shí),許多么人企業(yè)已在組織課程,制作培訓(xùn)電影和磁帶,
[14:26.56]and other wise taking advantage of growth opportunities
[14:28.92]并以其他方式利用著各種增長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì),
[14:31.29]that universities shy away from.
[14:33.27]而這些機(jī)會(huì)是大學(xué)避而不用的.
[14:35.26]The demand for continuing education does not take the form that most observers,
[14:38.54] 對(duì)繼續(xù)教育的要求不是采取大多數(shù)觀察者,
[14:41.82]including this writer,originally expectednamely,
[14:44.04]包括本文作者原來(lái)預(yù)期的形式
[14:46.26]"Great Books" classes for adults wanting to learn about the humanities
[14:52.81]the arts,the "life of the mind.
[14:54.94]--即給想了解人文科學(xué),藝術(shù)和盡智的活動(dòng)的成年人用"大部頭書(shū)"上課.
[14:57.07]We face instead a growing demand for advanced professional education
[14:59.94]代之,我們面臨著日益增長(zhǎng)對(duì)高級(jí)專業(yè)教育的要求:
[15:02.82]in engineering and medicine,in accounting and journalism,
[15:05.60]在工程學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué),會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)和新聞學(xué),
[15:08.38]in law and in administration and management.
[15:10.56]法律和管理方面.
[15:12.74]Yet the adults who come back for such studies also demand
[15:18.10]what teachers of professional subjects are so rarely able to supply:
[15:21.06] 然而回來(lái)進(jìn)行這類學(xué)習(xí)的成年人所要求的東西卻是專業(yè)課程的教師很少能提供的:
[15:24.03]a humanistic perspective that can integrate advanced professional
[15:29.88]and technical knowledge into a broader universe of experience and learning
[15:33.12]一種能把先進(jìn)的專業(yè)技術(shù)知識(shí)洪到經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)更廣闊的普遍體系中的人文主義的觀點(diǎn).
[15:36.36]Since these new students also need unconventional hours--evenings,
[15:39.48]因?yàn)檫@些"新"學(xué)生需要非常規(guī)的時(shí)間
[15:42.60]weekends or high-intensity courses that stuff a term's work into two weeks
[15:46.02]晚上,周末把一學(xué)期的工作塞到兩周內(nèi)學(xué)完的高強(qiáng)度的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程
[15:49.45]their demands for learning
[15:52.69]bring a vague but real threat to the school establishment.
[15:55.17]--他們學(xué)習(xí)的要求對(duì)學(xué)校體制構(gòu)成了一種不明確的但卻是真正的威脅.
[15:57.65]The greatest challenge to education
[16:01.41]is likely to come from our new opportunities for diversity.
[16:04.00] 對(duì)教育最大的挑戰(zhàn)可能來(lái)自我們所示多樣性的新時(shí)機(jī).
[16:06.58]We now have the chance to apply the basic findings of psychological
[16:12.33]developmental and educational research over the last 100 years:
[16:15.57]現(xiàn)在我們有機(jī)會(huì)運(yùn)用過(guò)去100多年來(lái)心理的,發(fā)展的,教育的基本研究成果,
[16:18.81]namely that no one educational method fits all children.
[16:21.84]那就是,沒(méi)有一種教育方法適合所有孩子.
[16:24.87]Almost all children are capable of attaining the same standards
[16:30.43]within a reasonable period of time.
[16:32.35]幾乎所有孩子都有能力在一段合理時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到相同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn).
[16:34.27]All but a few babies, for instance,
[16:36.31]例如:除少數(shù)嬰兒外,
[16:38.35]learn to walk by the age of two and to talk by the age of three,
[16:41.33]所有嬰兒都能在兩歲學(xué)會(huì)走路,三歲學(xué)會(huì)說(shuō)話,
[16:44.30]but no two get there quite the same way.
[16:46.33]但是沒(méi)有兩個(gè)嬰兒以完全相同的方式達(dá)到這種程度.
[16:48.35]So too at higher levels.
[16:50.12]較高水平也是一樣的.
[16:51.88]Some children learn best by rote,
[16:53.71]一些孩子通過(guò)死記硬背學(xué)得很好.
[16:55.54]in structured environments with high certainty and strict discipline.
[16:58.42]在高度確定和嚴(yán)格紀(jì)律構(gòu)筑的環(huán)境下,
[17:01.31]Others gain success in the less structured "permissive" atmosphere
[17:06.95]of a "progressive" school.
[17:08.83]另一些人在"進(jìn)步的"學(xué)校里的結(jié)構(gòu)不那么嚴(yán)格的"隨意"氣氛下獲得進(jìn)步.
[17:10.71]Some adults learn out of books, some learn by doing,
[17:13.35]一些成年人學(xué)習(xí)書(shū)本以外的東西,一些人通過(guò)做而學(xué)習(xí),
[17:15.99]some learn best by listening.
[17:17.73]一些人通常聽(tīng)學(xué)得很好.
[17:19.46]Some students need prescribed daily doses of information;
[17:22.25]一些學(xué)生需要每天規(guī)定動(dòng)作一些信息;
[17:25.03]others need challenge and a high degree of responsibility
[17:30.59]for the design of their own work.
[17:32.42]其他人需要挑戰(zhàn),規(guī)劃他們自己學(xué)習(xí)的高要求.
[17:34.25]But for too long,
[17:35.78]但長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),
[17:37.31]teachers have insisted that there is one best way to teach and learn,
[17:40.09]教師們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為有一種教與學(xué)的最好方法,
[17:42.87]even though they have disagreed about what that way is.
[17:45.21]盡管他們對(duì)那種方式是什么意見(jiàn)不一.
[17:47.55]A century ago,the greatest majority of Americans
[17:50.12] 一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前,絕大多數(shù)美國(guó)人居住在很小的社區(qū),
[17:52.69]lived in communities so small that only one one-room schoolhouse
[17:59.33]was within walking distance of small children.
[18:01.65]在小孩可以步行的范圍內(nèi)只有一個(gè)單間較舍.
[18:03.98]Then there had to be "one right method" for everybody to learn.
[18:06.80]那么,那只能是每個(gè)人學(xué)習(xí)的"好方法"了.
[18:09.62]Today the great majority of pupils in the United States
[18:11.98]今天多數(shù)美國(guó)
[18:14.35](and all developed countries)
[18:16.18](以及所有發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家)
[18:18.01]live in big cities with such density
[18:20.04]的學(xué)生居住在高密度的大城市里,
[18:22.08]that there can easily be three or four elementary schools--
[18:27.36]as well as secondary schools within each child's walking or bicycling distance.
[18:30.78]在每一個(gè)孩子步行或騎車范圍內(nèi)很容易找到三四所小學(xué),中學(xué).
[18:34.20]This enables students and their parents
[18:38.04]to choose between alternative routes to learning offered by competing schools.
[18:41.23]這使得學(xué)生和他們的父母能在互相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的學(xué)校提供的不同學(xué)習(xí)方法中進(jìn)行選擇.
[18:44.41]Indeed,competition and choice
[18:48.57]are already beginning to infiltrate the school system,
[18:50.89]確實(shí),競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和選擇已在開(kāi)始滲入到學(xué)校體制中.
[18:53.22]Private schools and colleges have shown an unusual ability to survive
[18:56.30]私立學(xué)校和學(xué)院在別處費(fèi)用上漲
[18:59.38]and develop during a period of rising costsand dropping enrollments elsewhere.
[19:02.56]和招生下降期間顯示出非凡的生存,發(fā)展能力.
[19:05.73]All this presents,of course,a true threat to the public school establishment
[19:08.76]當(dāng)然,所有這些都對(duì)公立學(xué)校體制構(gòu)成真正的威脅.
[19:11.79]But economics,student needs and our new understanding of how people learn
[19:15.33]但是經(jīng)濟(jì)因素,學(xué)生的需要和我們對(duì)于人們?nèi)绾螌W(xué)習(xí)的新理解
[19:18.87]are bound to break the traditional education monopoly
[19:21.30]正在打破傳統(tǒng)教育的壟斷,
[19:23.73]just as trucks and airplanesbroke the monopoly of the railroads,
[19:26.39]就像卡車和飛機(jī)打破了鐵路的壟斷,
[19:29.06]and computers and "chips" are breaking the telephone monopoly,
[19:31.77]計(jì)算機(jī)和芯片正在打破電話的壟斷一樣.
[19:34.49]In the next 10 or 15 years we will almost certainly see strong pressures
[19:37.81]在未來(lái)10或15年中,我們幾乎肯定將看到迫使學(xué)校
[19:41.13]to make schools responsible for thinking through what kind of learning methods
[19:46.87]are appropriate for each child.
[19:48.70]有責(zé)任徹底地全面考慮哪些學(xué)習(xí)方法適合每一個(gè)孩子的強(qiáng)大壓力,
[19:50.53]We will almost certainly see great pressure,
[19:52.57]我們幾乎肯定將看到同樣惡臭父母和學(xué)生的強(qiáng)大壓力,
[19:54.61]from parents and students alike
[19:56.37]注重教育成果,
[19:58.13]for result-focused education and for accountability
[20:03.70]in meeting object ivesset for individual students.
[20:06.06]對(duì)每一個(gè)學(xué)生實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)負(fù)責(zé).
[20:08.42]The continuing professional education of highly educated adults
[20:11.25]對(duì)受過(guò)高層教育的成年人繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的專業(yè)教育
[20:14.07]will become a third tier in addition to undergraduate and professional
[20:20.02]or graduate work.
[20:21.49]將成為除大學(xué)和職業(yè)或研究生工作以外的第三種教育層次.
[20:22.95]Above all,attention will shift back to schools and education
[20:25.82]特別是,注意力將團(tuán)圓學(xué)校和教育上,
[20:28.70]as the central capital investment and infrastructure of a "knowledge society.".
[20:32.12]把他們看做"知識(shí)社會(huì)"的重要的基本投資和基礎(chǔ)結(jié)構(gòu).