奧巴馬總統在菲尼克斯市發(fā)表關于美國住房融資體系改革的演講(視頻+文本)

THE PRESIDENT: Hey! Hello, Phoenix! (Applause.)Hello, Arizona! (Applause.) It is --

AUDIENCE MEMBER: We love you, Obama!

THE PRESIDENT: I love you back. It is good to behere. (Applause.)

I want to say thank you to the Thunder for hostingus here today. (Applause.) Well, we are so glad to behere. I want you to give it up for somebody who'sbeen fighting for homeowners and working families every single day, who's with me today --Secretary Shaun Donovan, Secretary of HUD. There he is right there. Give him a big round ofapplause. (Applause.) We've got Congressman Ed Pastor who's here as well. (Applause.)We've got your Mayor, Greg Stanton, here. (Applause.) Doing an outstanding job. And to allthe mayors and state legislators and tribal leaders who are here today, thank you. (Applause.)

Give Jorge a big round of applause for his introduction. (Applause.) To your superintendent,Dr. Kenneth Baca. (Applause.) Your principal, Dr. Anna Battle. (Applause.) And I appreciateeverybody at Desert Vista for having me here today. (Applause.) It is good to see the studentsare pretty enthusiastic about being back in school. (Laughter.) I'm not sure I would have beenthat enthusiastic starting on the 6th. (Laughter.)

And I know this isn't your typical school -- second day of school. So I want to give a specialshout-out to the new seniors, class of 2014. (Applause.) You are aware that you're not finishedyet. (Laughter.) Senior year, that's sometimes tempting. I want you all to stay focused.

Over the past couple weeks, I have been --

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Happy birthday, Mr. President!

THE PRESIDENT: Thank you very much. Thank you. (Applause.) It was my birthday two daysago. (Laughter.) Got some singers here.

AUDIENCE: Happy birthday to you, happy birthday to you, happy birthday, Mr. President. (Applause.)

THE PRESIDENT: Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause.) I am now 52, and Michellesays that I don't look a day over 51. (Laughter.)

So over the last few weeks, I've been visiting towns all across the country, talking about whatwe need to do to secure a better bargain for the middle class -- a national strategy to makesure that everybody who works hard has a chance to succeed in the 21st century economy.

And I think people in Arizona especially understand the challenges that are out there, becausefor the past four and a half years, together, we fought our way back from a devastatingrecession that cost millions of jobs for Americans. A lot of folks lost their homes; a lot of folkslost their savings. And what the recession showed was the long erosion of middle-classsecurity that had been taking place for decades.

But we fought back. We took on a broken health care system. We took on a housing marketthat was in free fall. We invested in new technologies to reverse our addiction to foreign oil.We changed a tax code that had become tilted a little bit too much in favor of the wealthiestAmericans at the expense of working families. (Applause.) We saved the auto industry. We'venow got GM that plans to hire a thousand new workers right next door in Chandler to makesure we're building some of the best cars in the world right here in the United States ofAmerica. (Applause.)

Our businesses have created 7.3 million new jobs over the past 41 months. We now sell moreproducts made in America to the rest of the world than ever before. Our exports are way up.We produce more renewable energy than ever before, more natural gas than anybody else.Health care costs have been growing at the slowest rate in 50 years. And our deficits arecoming down at the fastest rate in 60 years. So we're making progress. (Applause.)

So thanks to the efforts of a lot of people like you, we've cleared away the rubble of thefinancial crisis. We're starting to lay the foundation for more stable, more durable economicgrowth. But as any middle-class family will tell you, we're not yet where we need to be. Becauseeven before the crisis hit, we had lived through a decade where a few at the top were doingbetter and better, but most families were working harder and harder just to get by.

And reversing this trend should be -- must be -- Washington's highest priority. It's myhighest priority. (Applause.) I want to make sure that in America, it doesn't matter what youlook like, where you come from, who you love -- you should be able to make it when you try.You should be able to make it. (Applause.)

Now, unfortunately, for the last year or so, we've had an endless parade of distractions andpolitical posturing and phony scandals that shift focus away from what do we need to do toshore up middle-class families and create ladders of opportunity for folks to get into themiddle class. And as Washington heads towards another budget debate, the stakes could notbe higher.

And that's why I'm traveling around, laying out my ideas for how we have to build thecornerstones of what it means to be middle class: a good job with good wages; a home to callyour own; a good education; affordable health care that's there for you when you get sick; asecure retirement even if you're not rich; the opportunity -- the ladders of opportunity forpeople to earn their way into the middle class, to work their way out of poverty. Those are theelements that I think all of us believe in, but right now we're not delivering as much as weshould on those promises.

Now, last Tuesday, I went to Tennessee to talk about the first cornerstone, which is how do wemake sure that we're creating good middle-class jobs here in the United States of America.Today I've come to Phoenix to talk about the second component, which is the most tangiblecornerstone that lies at the heart of the American Dream, at the heart of middle-class life -- andthat's the chance to own your own home. (Applause.) The chance to own your own home.

We've got a lot of young people here who are thinking about college, they're going to get ahigher education, they're going to find a job, they're going to find somebody they love, they'regoing to want to own a home. And the reason they will is because a home is the ultimateevidence that here in America, hard work pays off, that responsibility is rewarded.

I think about my grandparents' generation. When my grandfather served in World War II, hefought in Patton's Army -- when he got back, this country gave him a chance to go to collegeon the G.I. Bill, but it also gave him the chance to buy his first home with a loan from the FHA.To him, and to generations of Americans before and since, a home was more than just a house.It was a source of pride and a source of security. It was a place to raise kids, to put downroots; a place where you could build up savings for college, or to start a business, or to retirewith some security.

And buying a home required responsibility on everybody's part. You had to save up to buy ahome. And then banks were supposed to give you a fair deal, with terms you couldunderstand, and buyers were supposed to live within their means and make sure that theycould make their payments. So in that earlier generation, houses weren't for flipping around,they weren't for speculation -- houses were to live in, and to build a life with.

And unfortunately, over time, responsibility too often gave way to recklessness. You hadreckless lenders who sold loans to people they knew couldn't afford them. And let's face it, wealso had some reckless buyers who knew they couldn't afford them and still took out loans.And all this created a housing bubble. And especially in some places like Arizona, it wasdevastating when that bubble finally burst -- triggered a recession. Millions of Americans whohad done everything right were hurt badly by the actions of other people. Housing pricesplummeted.

By the time I took office, home values had fallen almost 20 percent from the year before. Newhousing starts had fallen nearly 80 percent from their peak. Hundreds of thousands ofconstruction workers had lost their jobs. A record number of people were behind on theirmortgage payments. And a lot of people here in Phoenix, they saw that devastation. This waspart of Ground Zero for the housing bubble bursting.

So less than a month after I took office, I came here to Arizona and I laid out steps to stabilizethe housing market and help responsible homeowners get back on their feet. And the truth isit's been a long, slow process. The housing market is so big that it was going to take some timeto heal when it got hurt that badly. It's taken longer than any of us would like. But during thattime, we helped millions of Americans save an average of $3,000 each year by refinancing atlower rates. We helped millions of responsible homeowners stay in their homes, which was goodfor their neighbors because you don't want a bunch of foreclosure signs in yourneighborhood.

Where Congress wouldn't act, we went ahead and acted, so over the past few years, we hadthe Department of Justice stand up for buyers who had been discriminated against or connedby predatory lending. And we won a settlement that gave more money to victims ofdiscrimination in one year than in the previous 23 years combined. (Applause.)

We worked with states to force big banks to repay more than $50 billion to more than 1.5million families -- largest lending settlement in history. (Applause.) We extended the time thatfolks who had lost their jobs could delay their payment on their mortgages while they keptlooking for work. We cracked down on the bad practices that led to the crisis in the first place. Imean, you had some loans back there in the bubble that were called “liar's loan.” Now,something that's called a liar's loan is probably a bad idea. (Laughter.)

So because of all these actions we've been taking, our housing market is beginning to heal.Home prices are rising at the fastest pace in seven years. Sales are up nearly 50 percent.Construction is up nearly 75 percent. New foreclosures are down by nearly two-thirds. Millionsof families have been able to come up for air -- they're no longer underwater on theirmortgages. (Applause.)

And just like the crisis hit Phoenix very hard, thanks to some great leadership here locally,Phoenix has also led one of the biggest comebacks in the country. (Applause.) So you shouldbe proud of what you've done here. Home prices in Phoenix have risen by nearly 20 percentover the last year. New home sales are up by more than 25 percent.

This morning, right before I came here, I visited Erickson Construction -- (applause.) We'vegot some Erickson folks here. And they were explaining how right when the bubble hit,Erickson shrank to less than a hundred workers. Today they're employing 580 people -- andthey're hiring even more people -- (applause) -- because the housing market is bouncing back.

So that's one of the things about housing. It's not just important for the person who owns thehouse; our economy is so impacted by everything that happens in housing. Consumers feelbetter when their home values are in a better place, so they're more willing to spend. A lot ofpeople who want to start a business, their savings may be locked up in their house.Construction workers, contractors, suppliers, carpet makers, all these folks are impacted by thehousing industry.

So we've made progress, and that's helped to move the economy forward. But we've got tobuild on this progress. We're not where we need to be yet. We've got to give morehardworking Americans the chance to buy their first home. (Applause.) We have to help moreresponsible homeowners refinance their mortgages, because a lot of them still have a spreadbetween the rates they're paying right now on their mortgage and what they could be gettingif they were able to refinance.

And we've got to turn the page on this kind of bubble-and-bust mentality that helped tocreate this mess in the first place. (Applause.) We got to build a housing system that isdurable and fair and rewards responsibility for generations to come. That's what we've got todo. (Applause.)

So I've already put forward a bunch of ideas that will help accomplish that. And, look, the factof the matter is Congress hasn't enacted all of them, so I'd like you to encourage members ofCongress to take some of these actions. (Applause.)

But like the other actions that we've taken, these will not help the neighbors down the streetwho bought a house that they couldn't afford, and then walked away from it and left aforeclosed home behind. We don't want to help speculators who bought multiple homes justto make a quick buck.

What we want to do is put forward ideas that will help millions of responsible, middle-classhomeowners who still need relief. And we want to help hardworking Americans who dream ofowning their own home fair and square, have a down payment, are willing to make thosepayments, understand that owning a home requires responsibility. And there are someimmediate actions we could take right now that would help on that front, that would make adifference. So let me just list a couple of them.

Number one: Congress should pass a good, bipartisan idea to allow every homeowner thechance to save thousands of dollars a year by refinancing their mortgage at today's rates. (Applause.) We need to get that done. We've been talking about it for a year and a half, twoyears, three years. There's no reason not to do it. (Applause.)

Step number two: Now that we've made it harder for reckless buyers to buy homes that theycan't afford, let's make it a little bit easier for qualified buyers to buy the homes that they canafford. (Applause.) So Shaun Donovan has been working with the finance industry to make surewe're simplifying overlapping regulations; we're cutting red tape for responsible families whowant to get a mortgage but keep getting rejected by the banks. We need to give well-qualified Americans who lost their jobs during the crisis a fair chance to get a loan if they'veworked hard to repair their credit.

And step three is something that you don't always hear about when it comes to the housingmarket, and that is fixing our broken immigration system. It would actually help our housingmarket. (Applause.)

It's pretty simple: When more people buy homes and play by the rules, home values go up foreverybody. And according to one recent study, the average homeowner has already seen thevalue of their home boosted by thousands of dollars just because of immigration. And the goodnews is, with the help of your Senators, John McCain and Jeff Flake, the Senate has alreadypassed a bipartisan immigration bill. It's got the support of CEOs and labor and lawenforcement. (Applause.) This could help homeownership here.

So I want you to encourage Republicans in the House of Representatives to stop draggingtheir feet. Let's go ahead and get this done.

Step number four: We should address the uneven recovery by rebuilding the communities hitthe hardest by the housing crisis, including many right here in Arizona. Let's put constructionback -- construction workers back to work repairing rundown homes, tearing down vacantproperties so that the value of homes in those surrounding areas start picking up. We can putpeople to work right now and improve the remaining housing stock that's out there. (Applause.) Places that are facing a longer road back from the crisis should have their country'shelp to get back on their feet.

Step five: We should make sure families that don't want to buy a home or can't yet afford tobuy one still have a decent place to rent. (Applause.) It's important for us to encouragehomeownership, but a lot of people rent and there's nothing wrong with renting. And we got tomake sure that we are creating affordable opportunities when it comes to rental properties.

In the run-up to the crisis, banks and governments too often made everybody feel like they hadto own a home, even if they weren't ready and didn't have the payments. That's a mistake weshould not repeat. Instead, let's invest in affordable rental housing. Let's bring together citiesand states to address local barriers that drive up rents for working families. (Applause.)

So if we help more Americans refinance their homes, if we help qualified families get amortgage, we reform our immigration system, we rebuild the hardest-hit communities, wemake sure that folks have a decent place to rent if they're not yet able to buy -- all these stepswill give more middle-class families the chance to either buy their own home now or eventuallybuy their own home. It's going to give more relief to responsible homeowners. It gives moreoptions to families who aren't yet ready to buy. All that is going to improve the housing marketand will improve the economy.

But -- and this is the last key point I want to make -- as home prices rise, we can't just re-inflate another housing bubble. I hope everybody here in Arizona learned some hard lessonsfrom what happened. Housing prices generally don't just keep on going up forever at the kindof pace it was going up. It was crazy. So what we want to do is something stable and steady.And that's why I want to lay a rock-solid foundation to make sure the kind of crisis we wentthrough never happens again. We've got to make sure it doesn't happen again. (Applause.)

And one of the key things to make sure it doesn't happen again is to wind down thesecompanies that are not really government, but not really private sector -- they're known asFreddie Mac and Fannie Mae. For too long, these companies were allowed to make huge profitsbuying mortgages, knowing that if their bets went bad, taxpayers would be left holding the bag.It was “heads we win, tails you lose.” And it was wrong. And along with what happened on WallStreet, it helped to inflate this bubble in a way that ultimately killed Main Street.

So the good news is, right now there's a bipartisan group of senators working to end Fannieand Freddie as we know them. And I support these kinds of reform efforts. And they'refollowing four core principles for what I believe this reform should look like.

First, private capital should take a bigger role in the mortgage market. I know that soundsconfusing to folks who call me a socialist -- I think I saw some posters there on the way in. (Laughter.) But I actually believe in the free market. And just like the health care law that weput in place, Obamacare -- (applause) -- which, by the way, if you don't have health insuranceor you're buying it at exorbitant rates on the individual market, starting on October 1st, youcan join a marketplace and be part of a pool that gives you much lower premiums, saves you alot of money. (Applause.)

But in the same way that what we did with health care was to set up clear rules for insurancecompanies to protect consumers, make it more affordable, but still built on the privatemarketplace, I believe that our housing system should operate where there's a limitedgovernment role and private lending should be the backbone of the housing market. And thatincludes, by the way, community-based lenders who view their borrowers not as a number,but as a neighbor. So that's one principle.

A second principle is we can't leave taxpayers on the hook for irresponsibility or baddecisions by some of these lenders or Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. (Applause.) We've got toencourage the pursuit of profit, but the era of expecting a bailout after you pursue your profitand you don't manage your risk well -- well, that puts the whole country at risk. And we'reending those days. We're not going to do that anymore. (Applause.)

The third principle is we should preserve access to safe and simple mortgage products likethe 30-year, fixed-rate mortgage. That's something families should be able to rely on whenthey're making the most important purchase of their lives. (Applause.)

Number four, we've got to keep housing affordable for first-time homebuyers -- like all theseyoung people. When they're ready to buy a house, we've got to make sure it's affordable.Families who are working to climb their way into the middle class, we've got to do what we canto make housing affordable. And that means we've got to strengthen the FHA so it givestoday's families the same kind of chance it gave my grandparents to buy a home, and itpreserves those rungs on the ladder of opportunity.

And we've got to support, as I said, affordable rental housing. And, by the way, we've alsogot to keep up our fight against homelessness. (Applause.) The Mayor of Phoenix has beendoing a great job here in Phoenix on that front. We've got to continue to improve it. (Applause.)

Since I took office, we helped bring one in four homeless veterans off the streets. (Applause.)We should be proud of that. Here in Phoenix, thanks to the hard work of everyone from MayorStanton to the local United Way to US Airways, you're on track to end chronic homelessnessfor veterans, period, by 2014. (Applause.)

But we've got to keep going, because nobody in America, and certainly no veteran, should beleft to live on the streets. (Applause.)

So here's the bottom line: Put all these principles together, that's going to protect our entireeconomy and it will improve the housing market not just here in Phoenix, but throughout thestate and throughout the country.

We're also going to need to make sure, though, that we're protecting individual homeowners.We've got to give them the tools that they can protect themselves. So we've got a ConsumerFinance Protection Bureau that we created. (Applause.) And it's laying down new rules of theroad that everybody can count on when they're shopping for a mortgage. They're designing anew, simple mortgage form that will be in plain English, so you can actually read it without alawyer -- (applause) -- although, you may still want a lawyer obviously. I'm not saying youdon't. I'm just saying you'll be able to read it. (Laughter.) There won't be a lot of fine print.That way you know before you owe. (Laughter and applause.)

And the Senate finally confirmed Richard Cordray as the head of this -- head watchdog for theCFPB. (Applause.) So he's out there aggressively protecting consumers and homeowners.

When it comes to some of the other leaders we need to look out for the American people, theSenate still has a job to do. Months ago, I nominated a man named Mel Watt to be our nation'stop housing regulator. He is an outstanding member of Congress. And during that time, hewas on the Housing Committee -- worked with banks, worked with borrowers to protectconsumers, to help responsible lenders provide credit. He is the right person for the job.Congress and the Senate should give his nomination an up or down vote without any moreobstruction or delay. We don't have time for those kinds of games. (Applause.)

So I want to be honest with you. No program or policy is going to solve all the problems in amulti-trillion dollar housing market. The housing bubble went up so high, the heights it reachedbefore it burst were so unsustainable, that we knew it was going to take some time for us tofully recover. But if we take the steps that I talked about today, then I know we will restore notjust our home values, but also our common values. We'll make owning a home a symbol ofresponsibility, not speculation -- a source of security for generations to come, just like it wasfor my grandparents. I want it to be just like that for all the young people who are here todayand their children and their grandchildren. (Applause.)

And if we stay focused on middle-class security and opportunities to get into the middle class,if we take the strategy that I'm laying out for the entire economy -- for jobs and housing andeducation, health care, retirement, creating ladders of opportunity -- then we will secure thatbetter bargain for all Americans, where hard work is once again rewarded with a shot at amiddle-class life, which means more Americans will know the pride of that first paycheck. MoreAmericans will know the satisfaction of flipping the sign to “Open” on their own business. MoreAmericans will know the joy of scratching the child's height on the door of their new home --with pencil, of course. (Laughter.)

We can do all this if we work together. And it won't be easy. But if we take just a few boldsteps -- and if Washington will just end the gridlock, set aside the slash-and-burnpartisanship -- (applause) -- actually try to solve problems instead of scoring political points,our economy will grow stronger a year from now, five years from now, 10 years from now. (Applause.)

And as long as I've got the privilege to serve as your President, that's what I'm going to befighting for.

Thank you very much, everybody. God bless you. (Applause.)