舌尖上的美國(guó)(63):強(qiáng)烈語(yǔ)氣(中)

　　使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，少用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
　　1a A number of parking spaces are always needed by commuting students.
　　1b Commuting students always need a number of parking spaces.
　　2a For energy conservation it is urged that all lights be turned off when not being used.
　　2b To save energy, students should turn off all lights they are not using.
　　以上兩組句子中，a句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，b句是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)，淡化動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，句子意思更直接，表達(dá)更有力度。此外，使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子往往比使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子更簡(jiǎn)練，而簡(jiǎn)練的句子比不簡(jiǎn)練的句子給讀者留下的印象要深刻的多，從而達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。
　　使用表達(dá)有力的動(dòng)詞，少用be動(dòng)詞和have
　　1a Our college is always the winner of the conference.
　　1b Our college always wins the conference.
　　2a The meat has a rotten smell.
　　2b The meat smells rotten.
　　以上兩組句子中，a句使用了動(dòng)詞be和have的相應(yīng)形式，b句使用了表達(dá)有力度的動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞win和smell。不難看出，動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞往往使一個(gè)句子簡(jiǎn)練，而簡(jiǎn)練的句子能達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。
　　有意識(shí)地重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)
　　1 Usually we cheat to make people think we are better than we are; sometimes we cheat to avoidunpleasant consequences such as paying taxes.
　　2 Wicked people love wickedly, violent people love violently, weak people love weakly, stupidpeople love stupidly, but the love of a free man is never safe.
　　3 No one reads anymore—blame television. Families are breaking up—blame television. Highculture is being despoiled—blame television. What a splendid all-purpose explanation television hasbecome.
　　有意識(shí)地重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)能凸顯重點(diǎn)意思，達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。這種有意識(shí)的詞語(yǔ)重復(fù)通常用在平行句中。當(dāng)然，要慎重重復(fù)詞語(yǔ)，經(jīng)常性的過(guò)多重復(fù)詞語(yǔ)會(huì)造成不必要的重復(fù)，會(huì)淡化強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，從而削弱表達(dá)效果。
　　偶爾使用倒裝句
　　1 At the feet of the tallest and plushiest offices lie the crummiest slums.
　　2 Among the students were a few visiting scholars.
　　3 There might be some truth in his words.
　　不同于正常語(yǔ)序，倒裝句把重要的信息放在動(dòng)詞后面，能夠造成懸念，給讀者留下深刻的印象，從而達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)的效果。不過(guò)一定要慎用倒裝句，如果過(guò)多地使用倒裝句，則給人一種語(yǔ)言不自然的感覺。
　　使用平衡句，對(duì)比強(qiáng)調(diào)異同
　　1 To be French is to be like no one else; to be American is to be like everyone else.
　　2 Love is positive; tolerance is negative.
　　3 Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
　　平衡句結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)稱，意思相似或相異，對(duì)比強(qiáng)烈，會(huì)給讀者留下很深的印象，強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣濃厚。