國(guó)際關(guān)系英語(yǔ)詞匯大全Unit 32

　　英語(yǔ)單詞講解 unit 32

　　1.Sustainable Development，SD

　　Sustainable development is a road-map, an action plan, for achieving sustainability in any activity that uses resources and where immediate and intergenerational replication is demanded. As such, sustainable development is the organizing principle for sustaining finite resources necessary to provide for the needs of future generations of life on the planet. It is a process that envisions a desirable future state for human societies in which living conditions and resource-use continue to meet human needs without undermining the "integrity, stability and beauty" of natural biotic systems.

　　1.可持續(xù)發(fā)展

　　可持續(xù)發(fā)展，或永續(xù)發(fā)展，是指在保護(hù)環(huán)境的條件下既滿(mǎn)足當(dāng)代人的需求，又不損害后代人的需求的發(fā)展模式。“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)使用由布倫特蘭委員會(huì)創(chuàng)造已成為最經(jīng)常被引用的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的定義：“既能滿(mǎn)足我們現(xiàn)今的需求，又不損害子孫后代能滿(mǎn)足他們的需求的發(fā)展模式。”。

　　2.Emerging Market

　　Emerging markets refers to developing countries experiencing rapid growth and industrialization, with some characteristics of a developed market. This includes countries that may be developed markets in the future or were in the past.

　　2.新興市場(chǎng)

　　新興市場(chǎng) (新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體)，是一個(gè)相對(duì)于西歐、北美多國(guó)，以及日本、澳大利亞、新西蘭這類(lèi)“成熟市場(chǎng)”國(guó)家而言的概念。新興市場(chǎng)國(guó)家擁有成為成熟市場(chǎng)國(guó)家的潛力和部分條件，擁有一定的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)及一定程度上規(guī)范的商業(yè)市場(chǎng)機(jī)制。

　　3.Market Failure

　　In economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient. That is, there exists another conceivable outcome where a market participant may be made better-off without making someone else worse-off. (The outcome is not Pareto optimal.) Market failures can be viewed as scenarios where individuals' pursuit of pure self-interest leads to results that are not efficient – that can be improved upon from the societal point of view.

　　3.市場(chǎng)失靈

　　市場(chǎng)失靈為微觀(guān)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)，系立基于競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)的運(yùn)作所發(fā)生問(wèn)題的經(jīng)濟(jì)理論。傳統(tǒng)自由經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)者認(rèn)為，一個(gè)社會(huì)中的供給與需求可以構(gòu)成完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)。而完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀態(tài)，系指生產(chǎn)者追求利益極大化，而消費(fèi)者追求效用極大化，而達(dá)到所謂“帕累托效率”的狀態(tài)，即沒(méi)有任何人的效用受損，資源分配獲得最佳效率，價(jià)格像一雙看不見(jiàn)的手，主導(dǎo)市場(chǎng)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。