國際關(guān)系英語詞匯大全Unit 52

　　英語單詞講解 unit 52

　　1.Erasmus

　　Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (27 October 1466 – 12 July 1536), known as Erasmus of Rotterdam, or simply Erasmus, was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian.Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style. Amongst humanists, he enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists"; he has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists". Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. These raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote On Free Will, The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works.

　　1.伊拉斯謨

　　德西德里烏斯·伊拉斯謨(又譯埃拉斯默斯，史學(xué)界俗稱鹿特丹的伊拉斯謨)，生于約1466年10月27日，卒于1536年7月12日)，是中世紀(jì)尼德蘭(今荷蘭和比利時)著名的人文主義思想家和神學(xué)家。伊拉斯謨是一個用“純正”拉丁語寫作的古典學(xué)者。伊拉斯謨對宗教改革領(lǐng)袖馬丁·路德的思想有巨大的影響，路德欽佩并渴望結(jié)交伊拉斯謨?？墒呛髞眈R丁·路德與伊拉斯謨交惡，馬丁·路德發(fā)表了《論意志的捆綁》來反駁他，此后伊拉斯謨公開指責(zé)馬丁路德的文章為野蠻的書。盡管伊拉斯謨終生都是一個天主教徒，但他尖銳地批評了當(dāng)時他認(rèn)為驕奢過度的羅馬天主教會，甚至拒絕接受后者授予的樞機職位。在《論死亡之準(zhǔn)備》一文中，他聲明了自己的觀點——永久生命的保證不在于教堂中的圣禮和儀式，僅在于對基督贖罪的信念。伊拉斯謨整理翻譯了《圣經(jīng)·新約全書》新拉丁文版和希臘文版。他創(chuàng)作的作品有《愚人頌》，《基督教騎士手冊》和《論兒童的教養(yǎng)》等等。他在2004年票選最偉大的荷蘭人當(dāng)中，排名第五，次于排名第四的雷文虎克。

　　2.Ludwig Feuerbach

　　Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (July 28, 1804 – September 13, 1872) was a German philosopher and anthropologist best known for his book The Essence of Christianity, which provided a critique of Christianity which strongly influenced generations of later thinkers, including both Karl Marx and Frederich Engels.An associate of Left Hegelian circles, Feuerbach advocated liberalism, atheism and materialism. Many of his philosophical writings offered a critical analysis of religion. His thought was influential in the development of dialectical materialism, where he is often recognized as a bridge between Hegel and Marx.

　　2.路德維希·安德列斯·費爾巴哈

　　路德維希·安德列斯·費爾巴哈(1804年7月28日-1872年9月13日)，德國哲學(xué)家。出生于拜恩州(巴伐利亞)下拜恩區(qū)的首府蘭茨胡特，死于同一州的紐倫堡，是德國法學(xué)家保羅·約翰·安森·封·費爾巴哈的第四個兒子。費爾巴哈先在的海德堡大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)神學(xué)，受到當(dāng)時教授的影響，對黑格爾的哲學(xué)感興趣，不顧父親的反對，到柏林跟隨黑格爾學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)，兩年后，他成為“青年黑格爾學(xué)派”的成員。費爾巴哈對反基督教的政論家有很大的影響，他的某些觀點在德國教會和政府的斗爭中被一些極端主義者接受。對卡爾·馬克思的影響也很大，雖然馬克思并不贊同他觀點中的機械論，馬克思曾寫過《費爾巴哈論綱》，批判他形而上學(xué)的唯物主義。主要著作有《黑格爾哲學(xué)批判》和《基督教的本質(zhì)》等。

　　3.Benjamin Franklin

　　Benjamin Franklin FRS (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States and in many ways was "the First American". A renowned polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions. He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and a university.

　　3.本杰明·富蘭克林

　　本杰明·富蘭克林(1706年1月17日-1790年4月17日)，出生于美國麻省波士頓，是美國著名政治家、科學(xué)家，同時亦是出版商、印刷商、記者、作家、慈善家;更是杰出的外交家及發(fā)明家。他是美國革命時重要的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人之一，參與了多項重要文件的草擬，并曾出任美國駐法國大使，成功取得法國支持美國獨立。本杰明·富蘭克林曾經(jīng)進(jìn)行多項關(guān)于電的實驗，并且發(fā)明了避雷針。他還發(fā)明了雙焦點眼鏡，蛙鞋等等。本杰明·富蘭克林是共濟會的成員，被選為英國皇家學(xué)會院士。他亦是美國首位郵政局長。