異類之不一樣的成功啟示錄 第175期:充足的休息有利于學(xué)生

Similarly, the pioneer of public education in Massachusetts, Horace Mann,

相似的是，馬薩諸塞州的公共教育倡導(dǎo)者霍勒·斯曼相信，

believed that working students too hard would create a "most pernicious influence upon character and habits....Not infrequently is health itself destroyed by over-stimulating the mind."

讓學(xué)生學(xué)得太辛苦可能會對他們的“性格和習(xí)慣產(chǎn)生有害影響，而過度刺激頭腦也常會對健康造成傷害。”

In the education Journals of the day, there were constant worries about overtaxing students or blunting their natural abilities to too much schoolwork.

那個時期的教育期刊總是擔(dān)心學(xué)生負(fù)擔(dān)太重，認(rèn)為這樣會造成學(xué)生天性的泯滅。

The reformers, Gold writes, strove for ways to reduce time spent studying, because long periods of respite could save the mind from injury.

改革家戈德寫道：要努力找到方法來減少花在學(xué)習(xí)上的時間，因為這樣可以挽救受損的神經(jīng)。

Hence the elimination of Saturday classes, the shortening of the school day, and the lengthening of vocation—all of which occurred over the course of the nineteenth century.

之后，周六不再上課，上課的天數(shù)減少了，假期增加了。所有這些措施都是在19世紀(jì)之后才有的。

Teachers were cautioned that "when students are required to study, their bodies should not be exhausted by long confinement, nor their minds bewildered by prolonged application."

“學(xué)生的身體不應(yīng)該由于長期的限制而造成疲勞，所以當(dāng)他們用腦時間過長時，教師就會被警告。”

Rest also presented particular opportunities for strengthening cognitive and analytical skill.

充足的休息時間讓學(xué)生有更多機會去掌握認(rèn)知和分析的技巧，

As one contributor to the Massachusetts Teacher suggested, "it is when thus relieved from the state of tension belonging to actual study that boys and girls, as well as men and women,

正如《馬薩諸塞教師》的一位投稿人所建議的那樣：“這個國家對成年及未成年學(xué)生實際學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)心程度是令人放心的，

acquire the habit of thought and reflection, and of forming their own conclusions independently of what they are taught and the authority of others."

這就要求他們能對自己的結(jié)論有思考和借鑒的習(xí)慣，不能依賴于那些被灌輸?shù)挠^念或者其他的權(quán)威言論。

This idea-that effort must be balanced by rest-could not be more different from Asian notions about study and work, of course.

要努力做到勞逸結(jié)合的觀念與亞洲那些有關(guān)學(xué)習(xí)和工作的觀點大相徑庭。

But then again, the Asian worldview was shaped by the rice paddy.

但是亞洲人的世界觀是由黃種人形成的。

In the Pearl River Delta, the rice farmer planted two and sometimes three crops a year.The land was fallow only briefly.

在珠江三角洲地帶，農(nóng)民一年會種兩到三批水稻，土地被閑置的時間很短。

In fact, one of the singular features of rice cultivation is that because of the nutrients carried by the water used in irrigation, the more a plot of land is cultivated, the more fertile it gets.

由于營養(yǎng)是從灌溉的水中獲得，所以水稻耕作的特征之一就是：土地被耕作的次數(shù)越多，就會越肥沃。