時(shí)差N小時(shí):恐懼聞起來(lái)像糖 Fear Smells Like Sugar

Scientists have suspected for many years that fishmight giveoff a chemical signal to warn other fishabout the presence of predators.

多年來(lái)科學(xué)家們一直都在懷疑魚(yú)會(huì)釋放一種化學(xué)信號(hào)來(lái)警告其他魚(yú)類(lèi)捕食者的出現(xiàn)。

When a fish in a schoolis injured,

比如說(shuō)，當(dāng)魚(yú)群中的一條魚(yú)受到傷害時(shí)，

for example, the rest of the school will panic andswim away in response.

魚(yú)群中的其它魚(yú)將會(huì)感到恐慌并且四散游開(kāi)。

Scientists dubbed this unknown chemical“Schreckstoff,”

科學(xué)家將這種未知的化學(xué)物質(zhì)命名為“Schreckstoff”，

or “scary stuff” in German,

德語(yǔ)譯為“令人恐懼的東西”。

but theydidn't know what it was composed of until recently.

但是直到最近他們才知道這種物質(zhì)的組成。

A major component in fish skin, chondroitin sulfate,

魚(yú)的表皮中有一種叫硫酸軟骨素的主要成分，

appears to be the mystery chemical.

似乎就是那種神秘的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。

When afish is wounded,

當(dāng)有一條魚(yú)受傷時(shí)，

this substance is converted by enzymes into sugary molecules that are thenshed into thewater.

這種物質(zhì)就會(huì)通過(guò)酶的作用轉(zhuǎn)化成含糖分子釋放到水中。

Scientists tested one of those molecules, glycosaminoglycan chondroitin or GAG for short,onzebra fish.

科學(xué)家們測(cè)試了用斑馬魚(yú)釋放出來(lái)的分子中的其中一個(gè)，可稱(chēng)為葡糖胺聚糖硫酸軟骨素或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為GAG。

They found that the sugary warning is detected by special crypt cells in the brain'sscentprocessing olfactory bulb.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)這種含糖的警告可以被特殊的隱窩細(xì)胞檢測(cè)到，而隱窩細(xì)胞存在于大腦處理氣味的嗅球中。

This region is directly connected with higher areas of the brainand could initiate a quick flightresponse in fish.

這一區(qū)域和大腦更高級(jí)的區(qū)域相連，可以刺激魚(yú)快速逃跑。

Scientists have also found that closely-related species sometimes respond to each other'swarningsignals,

科學(xué)家們還發(fā)現(xiàn)親緣關(guān)系很近的物種有時(shí)也對(duì)彼此的警報(bào)信號(hào)有反應(yīng)，

but unrelated species do not.

但是不同的物種就不會(huì)有反應(yīng)。

This suggests that there may be a variety of sugary-smellingmolecules,

這告訴我們可能會(huì)有各種各樣聞起來(lái)像糖一樣的分子，

with each species producing their own version.

每個(gè)物種會(huì)產(chǎn)生它們自己的版本。

Because the zebra fish brain is relatively simple,

因?yàn)榘唏R魚(yú)的大腦構(gòu)造比較簡(jiǎn)單，

this research is allowing scientists to investigate atthe cellular level what happens in the brainwhen an organism detects danger.

這項(xiàng)研究讓科學(xué)家們可以在細(xì)胞水平上研究當(dāng)生物遇到危險(xiǎn)時(shí)大腦的反應(yīng)機(jī)制。

It will allow them tosee how groups of neurons regulate behavior and emotional responses.

也可以研究神經(jīng)組織是如何控制行為和情感反應(yīng)的。

Fortunately, fear doesn't smell sweet for humans.

幸運(yùn)的是，人類(lèi)的恐懼聞起來(lái)不像糖。

We can enjoy all the apple pie, ice cream, candyand cookies that we want.

我們可以盡情的吃我們想吃的蘋(píng)果派，冰激凌，糖果和餅干。