當(dāng)你節(jié)食時(shí)，你的身體是如何反擊的？

當(dāng)你節(jié)食時(shí)，你的身體是如何反擊的？

Diets do not work.

節(jié)食不起作用。

The scientific evidence is clear as can be that cutting calories simply doesn't lead to long-term weight loss or health gains.

科學(xué)證據(jù)很清楚，減少熱量攝入并不會(huì)導(dǎo)致長(zhǎng)期的體重減輕或健康狀況改善。

We suspect most dieters have realized this by now too. And yet, here they are again, setting the same weight loss goal this year that they set last year.

我們懷疑大多數(shù)節(jié)食者現(xiàn)在也意識(shí)到了這一點(diǎn)。然而，他們又一次制定了和去年一樣的減肥目標(biāo)。

The only people who don't seem to appreciate this are people who have never dieted. It's particularly hard for them to believe because it doesn't square with their own eating experiences.

似乎只有從未節(jié)食的人才不明白這一點(diǎn)。尤其讓他們難以置信的是，這與他們自己的飲食經(jīng)歷不符。

Take Nicky, for instance. She eats sensibly much of the time, with some junk food here and there, but it doesn't really seem to affect her weight. She's not a dieter. She is naturally thin , and it's not surprising that she believes what she sees with her own eyes and feels in her own body. Nevertheless, Nicky has it wrong.

以尼基為例。她大部分時(shí)間都吃得很理智，偶爾吃點(diǎn)垃圾食品，但這似乎并沒(méi)有真正影響她的體重。她不是節(jié)食者。她天生就很瘦，所以她相信自己的眼睛和身體的感覺(jué)也就不足為奇了。然而，尼基錯(cuò)了。

We are researchers who have been studying why diets fail for a long time. We have seen that diet failure is the norm. We have also studied the stigma that heavy people face, and witnessed the blame game that happens when dieters can't keep the weight off. From a scientific perspective, we understand that dieting sets up an unfair fight. But many Nickys we've encountered -- on the street, in the audience when we give talks, and even fellow scientists -- get confused when we say dieting doesn't work, because it doesn't square with their own observations.

我們這些研究人員長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直在研究為什么節(jié)食會(huì)失敗。我們已經(jīng)看到節(jié)食失敗是一種常態(tài)。我們還研究了體重超標(biāo)的人所面臨的恥辱，并目睹了節(jié)食者無(wú)法保持體重時(shí)所發(fā)生的指責(zé)。從科學(xué)的角度來(lái)看，我們明白節(jié)食會(huì)引發(fā)一場(chǎng)不公平的斗爭(zhēng)。但是我們遇到的許多尼基人——在街上，在我們演講的時(shí)候的聽(tīng)眾中，甚至是我們的科學(xué)家同行——當(dāng)我們說(shuō)節(jié)食不起作用時(shí)，他們會(huì)感到困惑，因?yàn)檫@與他們自己的觀察不相符。

An unfair fight

一個(gè)不公平的抗?fàn)?/p>

Nicky thinks she's thin because of the way she eats, but actually, genetics play a huge role in making her thin. Nicky gets all the credit though, because people see the way she eats and they can't see her genes.

尼基認(rèn)為她瘦是因?yàn)樗詵|西的方式，但實(shí)際上，基因在使她瘦的過(guò)程中發(fā)揮了巨大的作用。尼基得到了所有的贊譽(yù)，因?yàn)槿藗兛吹搅怂娘嬍撤绞?，卻看不到她的基因。

Many heavy people wouldn't be lean like Nicky even if they ate the same foods in the same quantities. Their bodies are able to run on fewer calories than Nicky's, which sounds like a good thing (and would be great if you found yourself in a famine).

許多肥胖的人不會(huì)像尼基一樣瘦，即使他們吃同樣數(shù)量的食物。他們的身體比尼基的消耗更少的卡路里，這聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是一件好事(如果你發(fā)現(xiàn)自己陷入了饑荒，那就太好了)。

However, it actually means that after eating the same foods and using that energy to run the systems of their body, they have more calories left over to store as fat than Nicky does. So to actually lose weight, they have to eat less food than Nicky. And then, once they've been dieting a while, their metabolism changes so that they need to eat even less than that to keep losing weight.

然而，這實(shí)際上意味著，在吃了同樣的食物，并利用這些能量來(lái)運(yùn)行身體系統(tǒng)之后，他們比尼基有更多的卡路里作為脂肪儲(chǔ)存起來(lái)。所以，為了真正減肥，他們必須比尼基吃更少的食物。然后，一旦他們節(jié)食了一段時(shí)間，他們的新陳代謝就會(huì)發(fā)生變化，所以他們需要吃得更少才能持續(xù)減肥。

It's not just Nicky's genetically given metabolism that makes her think dieting must work. Nicky, as a non-dieter, finds it really easy to ignore that bowl of Hershey's Kisses on her co-worker's desk. But for dieters, it's like those Kisses are jumping up and down saying "Eat me!" Dieting causes neurological changesthat make you more likely to notice food than before dieting, and once you notice it, these changes make it hard to stop thinking about it. Nicky might forget those chocolates are there, but dieters won't.

尼基認(rèn)為節(jié)食必須奏效，并不僅僅是因?yàn)榛驔Q定的新陳代謝。尼基是個(gè)非節(jié)食者，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己很容易忽視同事桌上那碗好時(shí)(Hershey)的熱吻。但對(duì)于減肥者來(lái)說(shuō)，這就像那些吻跳上跳下說(shuō)“吃了我!”節(jié)食會(huì)引起神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的變化，使你比節(jié)食前更容易注意到食物，一旦你注意到了，這些變化就會(huì)使你很難停止思考。尼基可能會(huì)忘記巧克力的存在，但節(jié)食者不會(huì)。