雙語+MP3|美國學(xué)生藝術(shù)史83 英國文藝復(fù)興式建筑

 
巴洛克風(fēng)格也傳到了德國。法國也采納了一些，但英國幾乎沒有接受。如果你還能記得時(shí)間是在17世紀(jì)，地點(diǎn)是在西班牙、葡萄牙和他們的殖民地，還有意大利和德國，那你對(duì)這些怪異夸張的巴洛克式建筑就算是了如指掌啦。 
83 THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE英國文藝復(fù)興式建筑
HAVE you a bicycle? Where I used to live, most boys had bicycles. We used to ride our bicycles out to a field where we could play baseball. One afternoon one of the boys was late getting there. But when he did come he broke up the baseball game. He had left his bicycle at home and was driving a goat hitched to a little cart. At once all of us other boys wanted a goat too, even though a goat wasn’t nearly so good for getting anywhere in a hurry. 
And that is just like what happened three hundred years ago in England. An architect named Inigo Jones went to study architecture in Italy. He saw the Italian Renaissance buildings there. He studied the old Roman buildings, and when he got back to England he began designing Renaissance buildings. They were new to Englishmen, just as the goat was new to us boys, and every one wanted a Renaissance building just as all of us wanted a goat. 
Renaissance architecture was late in reaching England, just as the boy with the goat was late in reaching the ball game, but when it finally did get there, nothing else would do. 
Soon a great palace for the king, called the Palace of Whitehall, was designed in the Renaissance style. But the only part of the design that was built was the banqueting hall. This was Inigo Jones’s best-known piece of architecture. The Banqueting Hall of Whitehall became a famous building. It looks something like the Petit Trianon at Versailles. It was the first of many English buildings based on the Roman and Italian designs. 
Do you remember that mixy paragraph about insides and outsides, in Chapter 21? Well, the Banqueting Hall is a good example of the outside not being the outside of the inside. The outside looks like a building with two stories, but there is only one story inside—just one big room with a balcony around the walls. 
The Banqueting Hall is, however, a beautiful building both inside and out. Notice the Roman columns and the rusticated stone-work at the street level, just like the Italian Renaissance buildings. The Banqueting Hall is still called by that name, although it was used as a chapel for many years and finally turned into a museum. 
 
No.83-1　BANQUETING HALL OF WHITEHALL, LONDON（倫敦懷特豪爾宮宴會(huì)廳） 
The next great architect in England after Inigo Jones wasn’t an architect at all. At least, not at first. He was an astronomer and a college professor. He was Sir Christopher Wren. 
Sir Christopher Wren became famous as an architect because of a fire. It was one of the biggest fires in the history of the world and happened in 1666. A building in London took fire. The fire spread to other buildings and could not be stopped. Soon a large part of London was burning down. “London Bridge is burning down” would have made a good song for 1666. Besides London Bridge and thousands of other buildings, over fifty churches were burned. The biggest of these was old St. Paul’s Cathedral. Sir Christopher Wren was given the job of making new designs both for St. Paul’s and for the other churches. 
Sir Christopher thought Gothic was a poor kind of architecture. He liked the Renaissance style and so he built the new St. Paul’s Cathedral as a Renaissance building. 
Like the Gothic cathedrals, St. Paul’s is in the form of a cross. Over the crossing Sir Christopher erected a very large dome with a stone lantern on top. Really it is a three-in-one dome—an outside dome, an inside dome for a ceiling, and a brick dome between the other two. This brick dome between the other two was made to hold up the heavy stone lantern. 
The outside of St. Paul’s has two orders of columns, one above the other like the Banqueting Hall. This makes St. Paul’s look better than St. Peter’s in Rome, because the two orders give a better scale to judge the height by, than the one order of huge columns on St. Peter’s. 
Unfortunately, St. Paul’s wasn’t very carefully built. The walls were filled with poor materials and the building in time became unsafe. Several years ago it was closed while workmen strengthened the foundations and the supports. Now it is again open and strong enough not to collapse. 
Sir Christopher Wren himself is buried in St. Paul’s. On his tomb, in Latin, is carved,“If you would see my monument, look around you.” St. Paul’s is indeed his monument, the great landmark of London and the largest cathedral in England. 
 
No.83-2　ST. PAUL’S, LONDON（倫敦圣保羅大教堂） 
As for Sir Christopher Wren’s other churches, no two of the more than fifty, are alike. Some are noted for the outside design, many for their beautiful interiors, and many more for their graceful steeples. In fact Sir Christopher Wren is famous for his Renaissance steeples. People liked them so well that even in the American colonies churches were built with steeples that look like his designs. 
Books were now published giving the rules and designs for Renaissance architecture and many buildings were put up from designs and descriptions in these books. Palladio’s book on architecture was translated into English and was used by architects in both England and America. 
Renaissance architecture was used after Sir Christopher Wren’s death for many years in England. Under the kings George I, George II and George III the English Renaissance architecture had reached a style all its own. This is called the Georgian style. I’ll tell you more about the Georgian style when we come to American architecture.