托福核心詞匯：Types of Social Groups

　　Humanness人性

　　原文：Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. 我們的人性就產(chǎn)生于這種社會(huì)性的互動(dòng)關(guān)系中。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　We abandon an essential feature of our humanness. 我們放棄了做人的基本品質(zhì)。

　　You, have no any tenet, have no any humanness. 你沒(méi)有任何的宗旨，沒(méi)有任何人性。

　　Bound束縛;受約束的

　　原文：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. 人與人之間的關(guān)系可以分為兩種：情感紐帶和工具紐帶。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　We are bound hand and foot by the contract, so we are unable to help you. 我們受到合同的約束而不能幫你。

　　Don’t be bound by expectations! 不要被他人期待所束縛。

　　Instrumental 儀器的;有幫助的

　　原文：People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. 人與人之間的關(guān)系可以分為兩種：情感紐帶和工具紐帶。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　He was instrumental in catching the criminal. 在捉拿那個(gè)罪犯的過(guò)程中，他起了作用。

　　It is an instrumental work. 這是一部可以用樂(lè)器演奏的作品。

　　Companionship 友誼;陪伴

　　原文：Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth.通過(guò)和對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)十分重要的人交流從而得到的安全感，愛(ài)情，認(rèn)可，友誼和個(gè)人價(jià)值等一系列情感。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　She feels the need of companionship. 她感到需要友誼。

　　A dog provides some companionship. 狗可以作伴。

　　Endow 捐贈(zèng)

　　原文：More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance. 更多的時(shí)候我們沒(méi)有發(fā)展出任何更有意義的關(guān)系而只是簡(jiǎn)單的與其他人合作并走向終點(diǎn)。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　I can only endow 100 dollars at most. 我充其量只能捐助100美元。

　　He endowed the hospital with a large fortune. 他捐贈(zèng)了一筆巨款給這家醫(yī)院。

　　Gripe 發(fā)牢騷;抱怨

　　原文：People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 人們?cè)诠餐献髦袝?huì)相互發(fā)牢騷，開(kāi)玩笑，傳八卦以及滿足感，由此依舊發(fā)展出了親近的關(guān)系。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　He likes to have a good gripe from time to time. 他時(shí)常愛(ài)發(fā)上一通牢騷。

　　He’s always griping about people at work. 他老是抱怨共事的人。

　　Gossip 閑聊;緋聞

　　原文：People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions. 人們?cè)诠餐献髦袝?huì)相互發(fā)牢騷，開(kāi)玩笑，傳八卦以及滿足感，由此依舊發(fā)展出了親近的關(guān)系。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　I have no time to engage in gossip. 我無(wú)暇閑聊。

　　There has been much gossip in political circles. 政界里有許多流言蜚語(yǔ)。

　　Disperse 分散;傳播

　　原文：We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. 當(dāng)一個(gè)人身處并消失在一個(gè)巨大的群體里時(shí)，我們很難了解到他。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　The police dispersed the crowd. 警方驅(qū)散群眾。

　　The wind dispersed the cloud from the sky. 風(fēng)吹散了天上的云。

　　Proximity 接近;鄰近

　　原文：Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. 與另一個(gè)人近距離的觀察和交談可以有更多的機(jī)會(huì)交流細(xì)微的感情與觀念。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　Their house is in close proximity to ours. 他們的房子很接近我們的。

　　Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law. 法律規(guī)定禁止近親結(jié)婚。

　　Interlocking 連鎖的

　　原文：Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests. 我們與其他人的紐帶經(jīng)常隨著我們與其他人的互動(dòng)而加深并演化為深層的相關(guān)聯(lián)的習(xí)慣和興趣。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　The Olympic symbol is the five interlocking rings. 奧林匹克的標(biāo)志是五個(gè)相連的圓環(huán)。

　　The ecosystem can be redefined as interlocking life systems. 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)可以再定義為相互關(guān)聯(lián)的生命系統(tǒng)的綜合。

　　Fundamental 基本的;重要的

　　原文：Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. 主要群組是人與人之間乃至整個(gè)社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　The fundamental things are also going on. 基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)也在進(jìn)行中。

　　In all cases the same fundamental principles apply. 但在任何情況下基本原理是相同的。

　　Oneness 統(tǒng)一性;單一性

　　原文：Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity. 社會(huì)學(xué)家通過(guò)對(duì)主要群組的觀察將其比喻為獨(dú)立的個(gè)體與整個(gè)社會(huì)之間的橋梁，因?yàn)樗苻D(zhuǎn)換，能調(diào)節(jié)，能解釋一個(gè)社會(huì)文化符號(hào)并且能夠表達(dá)個(gè)體的感情并最終將二者合而為一。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　Cultural oneness is timeless and political oneness has time limits. 文化統(tǒng)一是沒(méi)有時(shí)間性的，而政治統(tǒng)一卻受時(shí)間的局限。

　　A sense of oneness with the natural world 與自然界的和諧感

　　Dispense 分配;分發(fā)

　　原文：Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. 這之中的成員調(diào)集并分配能夠維持我們的生存的極其重要的資源。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　The Red Cross dispensed food and clothing to the victims. 紅十字會(huì)分發(fā)食品和衣物給受害者。

　　We’d dispense with charity drives. 我們將不再進(jìn)行慈善捐款活動(dòng)。

　　Shun回避

　　原文：For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. 比如一些社會(huì)群組雇傭仲裁者(一種可以呆在群體中，但是卻不能與群體成員互動(dòng)的人)像一部機(jī)器一樣的給那些習(xí)慣于超過(guò)這個(gè)群組所允許的范圍行動(dòng)的個(gè)體制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　His friends shunned him. 他的朋友都避開(kāi)他。

　　He shunned meeting any of his friends. 他避免與他的任何朋友碰面。

　　Deviate 越軌;脫離

　　原文：Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. 如果不能分配無(wú)效，那么群組成員就會(huì)通過(guò)拒絕或是指控來(lái)摒棄那些背離組織標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的人。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　Don’t always deviate to minor issues. 不要老是偏離到次要問(wèn)題上去。

　　You will not deviate from your present course. 你不能偏離目前航線。

　　Equip 裝備;配備

　　原文：Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. 像這樣的群組一般會(huì)產(chǎn)生于我們與我們的社會(huì)生活所需要的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和價(jià)值觀體系內(nèi)。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　They can’t afford to equip their army. 他們無(wú)力裝備自己的軍隊(duì)。

　　Could you help me equip the caravan? 你能幫我準(zhǔn)備好這輛旅行車(chē)上的裝備嗎?

　　Sociologist 社會(huì)學(xué)家

　　原文：Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. 社會(huì)學(xué)家基于感情紐帶與工具紐帶的特征對(duì)兩者進(jìn)行了區(qū)分定義并劃分出兩種類(lèi)型的群組：主要群組和次要群組。

　　強(qiáng)化記憶：

　　The sociologist has a habit of scratching his back. 那個(gè)社會(huì)學(xué)家有抓背的的習(xí)慣。

　　The sociologist maintained that a demotic society would lower the nation’s standards. 這個(gè)社會(huì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為平民社會(huì)會(huì)降低國(guó)家的素質(zhì)。