雙語(yǔ)：人死了，Email和網(wǎng)絡(luò)賬號(hào)怎么辦？

數(shù)字財(cái)產(chǎn)的范疇可包含軟件、網(wǎng)站、下載內(nèi)容、網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲賬號(hào)、社交媒體賬戶甚至是電子郵件。僅在英國(guó)，人們持有的數(shù)字音樂(lè)總價(jià)值就可能超過(guò)90億英鎊(140億美元)。

What happens to our digital property after we die?
人死如燈滅，數(shù)據(jù)之火燒何方？

Wait! I found his iTunes password
等下！我找到他的iTunes密碼了！

LORNE GLADSTONE of Toronto is 58, but prudently pondering how to bequeath his digital property. Doing the paperwork after his parents’ death was a challenge. “When my time comes, I wonder if my children will even know what paper is,” he says. As a software developer, his virtual assets are both valuable and vital to his business. That exemplifies a problem. Online lives have increasing economic and sentimental value. But testamentary laws offer muddled and incomplete ways of bequeathing and inheriting them。
來(lái)自多倫多的洛恩•格萊斯頓現(xiàn)年58歲，但他如今已在慎重考慮自己數(shù)字財(cái)產(chǎn)的處置問(wèn)題了。對(duì)格萊斯頓來(lái)說(shuō)，當(dāng)年同父母遺留下的書(shū)面文件打交道就曾頗費(fèi)力氣。他說(shuō)道：“當(dāng)我百年之后，我都懷疑我的子女們是否知道什么叫書(shū)面文件”。作為一名軟件開(kāi)發(fā)者，格萊斯頓的虛擬財(cái)產(chǎn)對(duì)其工作的價(jià)值及重要性不言而喻。這突顯出一個(gè)問(wèn)題：線上生活的經(jīng)濟(jì)與情感價(jià)值在不斷上升，然而對(duì)遺贈(zèng)者和繼承者而言，遺囑法律仍然語(yǔ)焉不詳，不甚完善。

Digital assets may include software, websites, downloaded content, online gaming identities, social-media accounts and even e-mails. In Britain alone holdings of digital music may be worth over ￡9 billion ($14 billion). A fifth of respondents to a Chinese local-newspaper survey said they had over 5,000 yuan ($790) of digital property. And value does not lie only in money. “Anyone with kids under 14 years old probably has two prints of them and the rest are in online galleries,” says Nathan Lustig of Entrustet, a company that helps people manage digital estates。
數(shù)字財(cái)產(chǎn)的范疇可包含軟件、網(wǎng)站、下載內(nèi)容、網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲賬號(hào)、社交媒體賬戶甚至是電子郵件。僅在英國(guó)，人們持有的數(shù)字音樂(lè)總價(jià)值就可能超過(guò)90億英鎊(140億美元)。中國(guó)一家地方報(bào)紙調(diào)查顯示： 五分之一的受訪者稱(chēng)他們所擁有的數(shù)字財(cái)產(chǎn)超過(guò)5000人民幣(折合790美元)。個(gè)中價(jià)值不僅只在于金錢(qián)意義。Entrustet(一家?guī)椭藗児芾頂?shù)字財(cái)產(chǎn)的公司)的內(nèi)森•拉斯提格說(shuō)道：“有14歲以下兒童的家庭可能會(huì)有兩張孩子們的照片，其它的則全部在網(wǎng)絡(luò)相冊(cè)里”。

Service providers have different rules—and few state them clearly in their terms and conditions. Many give users a personal right to use an account, but nobody else, even after death. Facebook allows relatives to close an account or turn it into a memorial page. Gmail (run by Google) will provide copies of e-mails to an executor. Music downloaded via iTunes is held under a licence which can be revoked on death. Apple declined to comment on the record on this or other policies. All e-mail and data on its iCloud service are deleted on the death of the owner。
網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)供應(yīng)商們的規(guī)定則截然不同——然而，他們很少在服務(wù)條款中能以清晰明確的語(yǔ)言加以說(shuō)明。許多服務(wù)商為用戶提供個(gè)人賬號(hào)使用權(quán)，但是其他人一概無(wú)權(quán)使用，即使是該用戶已經(jīng)去世。Facebook允許逝者親人關(guān)閉賬號(hào)或是將主頁(yè)改為悼念頁(yè)面。谷歌旗下的Gmail將會(huì)在未來(lái)向遺囑繼承人提供逝者的電子郵件復(fù)本。在iTunes中，用戶下載的音樂(lè)經(jīng)過(guò)授權(quán)，可以在去世后撤銷(xiāo)。蘋(píng)果公司對(duì)此方面及其他相關(guān)政策拒絕評(píng)論。其iCloud內(nèi)儲(chǔ)存的電郵以及數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)在用戶去世之后被刪除掉。

This has led to litigation in America. In 2004 the family of Justin Ellsworth, a marine killed in Iraq, took Yahoo! to court in Michigan to get copies of his e-mails. This year, a court in Oregon ruled that another bereaved American mother could use her dead son’s password to enter his Facebook account for a short period. Now five American states have enacted laws giving executors control over the social-networking profiles of deceased users。
美國(guó)已有相關(guān)訴訟案件。2004年，在伊拉克身亡的海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)士兵賈斯汀•埃爾斯沃思的家人一紙?jiān)V狀將雅虎告上密歇根州法庭，要求獲得他的電子郵件復(fù)本。今年，俄勒岡一家法院裁決，一位喪子之母可短期使用其子的密碼登錄他的Facebook賬戶。現(xiàn)今，美國(guó)有五個(gè)州已通過(guò)法律，允許遺囑繼承人使用逝者的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)頁(yè)面。

But this raises the subject of privacy. Passing music on is one thing; not everyone may want their relatives snooping on their e-mails. Colin Pearson, a London-based lawyer, says access should come only with an explicit provision in a will。
然而，隱私問(wèn)題卻又應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。傳輸音樂(lè)是一碼事，但不是每個(gè)人都樂(lè)意親人們窺探自己的電子郵件。倫敦律師科林•佩里森說(shuō)道，此類(lèi)賬戶通行應(yīng)當(dāng)在遺囑里有明確提及時(shí)才可使用。

Such clearly expressed wishes may help. An internet law expert in New Delhi, Gurpreet Singh, has already seen a few cases of wills including digital estates. “People are slowly realising the value,” he says. A nascent industry is emerging to simplify the process. Entrustet, newly acquired by a Swiss competitor, SecureSafe, says it has 10,000 clients. It safeguards their passwords, and a list of who can access what when they die。
諸如此類(lèi)明確表達(dá)的愿望或許可以有所作用。新德里互聯(lián)網(wǎng)法律專(zhuān)家古佩特•辛格已經(jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)數(shù)例涉及數(shù)字財(cái)產(chǎn)的遺囑案件。他說(shuō)道：“人們正在慢慢認(rèn)識(shí)到數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)的價(jià)值”。新興產(chǎn)業(yè)正在不斷涌現(xiàn)以簡(jiǎn)化其中過(guò)程。Entrustet存有一份名單，其中列有在用戶去世后指定登錄人員及可登錄賬戶。Entrustet宣稱(chēng)其下有10000位顧客，最近它被其瑞士競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者SecureSafe并購(gòu)。

But laws, wills and password safes may clash with the providers’ terms of service, especially when the executor is in one country and the data in another. Headaches for the living—and lots of lovely work for lawyers。
然而，相關(guān)法律、遺囑以及密碼托管可能會(huì)與服務(wù)供應(yīng)商的服務(wù)條款產(chǎn)生沖突，特別是在遺囑繼承人和存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)不在一國(guó)之內(nèi)的情況下。當(dāng)然，這是留給遺屬的難題，不過(guò)亦是律師的大批美差。