《查理周報》主編：為挑釁而生，為挑釁而死

Charlie Hebdo Editor Made Provocation His Mission

《查理周報》主編：為挑釁而生，為挑釁而死

Stéphane Charbonnier, the editorial director of the French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, was often pictured with his fist aloft.

法國政治諷刺報紙《查理周報》(Charlie Hebdo)的編輯部主任斯特凡納·沙博尼耶(Stéphane Charbonnier)，在照片中時常做出揮舞拳頭的樣子。

Mr. Charbonnier, 47, a cartoonist known professionally as Charb, was among 12 people killed Wednesday when gunmen attacked his newspaper’s offices in Paris. He had been instrumental in a series of defiant campaigns that divided public opinion — some saw them as powerful stands for free speech, and others as needless provocations.

47歲的沙博尼耶是一名漫畫家，筆名叫沙博(Charb)。當槍手周三襲擊他的報社在巴黎的辦公室時，包括他在內(nèi)的12人遇害。一系列的挑釁性活動都有他的參與。公眾對這些活動的意見不一，有人認為它們是捍衛(wèi)言論自由的強大平臺，也有一些人則認為它們是不必要的挑釁。

He oversaw the publication of a spoof issue in 2011, advertised as guest edited by the Prophet Muhammad, which led to the paper’s offices being firebombed.

2011年，他領(lǐng)導(dǎo)出版了一期諷刺性的專刊，宣稱該刊由先知穆罕默德(Prophet Muhammad)擔任客座編輯。此事導(dǎo)致該報的辦公地點遭遇燃燒彈攻擊。

In 2012, Mr. Charbonnier defied the advice of the French government and published crude caricatures of Muhammad, shown naked and in sexual poses. Depictions of the prophet, even if reverent, are forbidden under Islamic law. One of the people killed Wednesday was a police officer assigned to guard the paper’s offices after those episodes.

2012年，沙博尼耶不顧法國政府的建議，刊登了一系列粗俗的漫畫。在漫畫中，穆罕默德赤身裸體，擺著有性含義的姿勢。而對先知的描繪，哪怕是以虔誠的方式，在伊斯蘭教法中都是被禁止的。周三的遇害者中包括一名警察。這名警察是在在發(fā)生了這些事件后，被派去保護該報的辦公場所的。

“Is it really sensible or intelligent to pour oil on the fire?” asked Laurent Fabius, the foreign minister at the time, when he closed French embassies, consulates, cultural centers and schools in about 20 countries.

“火上澆油真的理智嗎，明智嗎?”時任外長洛朗·法比尤斯(Laurent Fabius)在關(guān)閉法國位于大約20個國家的使領(lǐng)館、文化機構(gòu)和學(xué)校時說。

Mr. Charbonnier himself was under police protection, though he told Le Monde, the French daily, that as a single man he did not fear retaliation, and that however pompous it might sound, he would rather “die standing than live on my knees.”

沙博尼耶自己也受到了警方的保護，不過他告訴法國《世界報》(Le Monde)說，作為一名單身漢，他不怕報復(fù)，并且不管聽上去可能有多么浮夸，他說自己寧愿“站著死，也不愿跪著生”。

When the French prime minister at the time, Jean-Marc Ayrault, said that the government planned to block a series of protests by Muslims, Mr. Charbonnier defied that, too. “Why should they prohibit these people from expressing themselves?” Mr. Charbonnier said at the time. “We have the right to express ourselves, they have the right to express themselves, too.”

時任總理讓-馬克·埃羅(Jean-Marc Ayrault)稱政府打算阻止穆斯林發(fā)起的一系列抗議時，沙博尼耶也表示了反對。“為什么要禁止這些人表達自己的觀點，”沙博尼耶當時說。“我們有權(quán)表達我們的觀點，他們也有權(quán)表達他們的觀點。”

Mr. Charbonnier, a slight man with thick glasses, had worked at Charlie Hebdo for more than 20 years, he said in an interview with Al Jazeera English in 2012. For that whole time, he said, the newspaper had been “provocative on many subjects.”

沙博尼耶身材瘦小，戴著一副厚眼鏡。2012年接受半島電視臺(Al Jazeera)英語頻道的采訪時，他說自己在《查理周報》工作已經(jīng)有20多年了。他表示，在這期間，《查理周報》“在很多問題上都頗為挑釁”。

“It just so happens that every time we deal with radical Islam we have a problem and we get indignant or violent reactions,” he said.

“事情就是這樣，每次處理有關(guān)激進的伊斯蘭教問題時，我們都會遇到問題，都會引起憤憤不平或是暴力的反應(yīng)，”他說。

A recent cartoon by Mr. Charbonnier, shared on social media Wednesday, appeared gruesomely prophetic. It pictured a hapless-looking man, dressed in the style of many Islamic extremists, under the words “still no attacks in France.” The extremist, in a speech bubble, pointed out that he had until the end of January to present his New Year’s wishes.

周三，沙博尼耶不久前創(chuàng)作的一幅漫畫在社交媒體上傳播。這幅漫畫的內(nèi)容似乎在這次襲擊事件中得到了應(yīng)驗。他畫了一名沮喪的男子，裝扮與許多伊斯蘭極端分子相同，漫畫上方寫著，“法國尚未遭到襲擊”。這名極端分子在漫畫里的對話泡泡中說，他1月底之前都可以許下他的新年愿望。

Among the dozen people killed in the attack Wednesday were two of the magazine’s founding cartoonists, Jean Cabut, who used the pen name Cabu, and Georges Wolinski. Also killed was Bernard Verlhac, who used the pen name Tignous.

周三遇難的12人中，有兩人是創(chuàng)辦這本雜志的漫畫家：讓·卡比(Jean Cabut)——筆名是卡比——和喬治·沃林斯基(Georges Wolinski)。遇難者還包括貝爾納德·韋里亞克(Bernard Verlhac)，他的筆名為蒂格努斯(Tignous)。

“To have cartoonists slaughtered for publishing cartoons is something we haven’t seen since the 18th century,” said Françoise Mouly, the art editor of The New Yorker magazine, who was born in France and grew up reading Charlie Hebdo. “They were troublemakers for my entire life,” she said.

“漫畫家因為發(fā)表漫畫而遭到殺害，這是我們18世紀以來都不曾見過的，”《紐約客》雜志的美術(shù)編輯弗朗索瓦茲·穆利(Françoise Mouly)。穆利生于法國，是閱讀著《查理周報》長大的。“在我的記憶中，他們很喜歡制造麻煩。”

The 45-year-old newspaper, part of a long tradition in France of using satire and insolence, regularly targets politicians, the police, bankers, religion and religious figures — from popes to prophets. This week’s issue included a mock debate about whether Jesus exists.

這家有45年歷史的報紙，是法國用諷刺和無禮來針對政客、警察、銀行家、宗教以及宗教人物的長期傳統(tǒng)的一部分。這些宗教人物既包括教皇，也包括先知。本周的報紙就包括關(guān)于耶穌是否存在的諷刺性討論。

The newspaper was born in controversy in 1970 when a publication called Hara-Kiri, where Mr. Cabut and Mr. Wolinski had worked, folded after coming under criticism for mocking the death of Charles de Gaulle. Its staff pivoted to set up a new weekly, Charlie Hebdo — Charlie Weekly — a reference to its reprint of Charlie Brown cartoons from the United States. The paper’s founding “was the moment when cartoonists became important in French culture,” Ms. Mouly said.

《查理周報》于1970年在爭議中誕生，當時，一份名叫《切腹》(Hara-Kiri)的出版物因諷刺夏爾·戴高樂(Charles de Gaulle)遭受強烈批評，后來倒閉。于是，這家出版機構(gòu)的員工創(chuàng)立了一份新的周刊，也就是《查理周報》，名字取自它轉(zhuǎn)載美國漫畫“查理·布朗” (Charlie Brown)。這份報紙的創(chuàng)辦意味著“漫畫家在法國文化中變得重要起來”，穆利說。

Though its circulation is only around 30,000, Charlie Hebdo has sparked controversy and drawn the anger of Muslims with its provocative cartoons. In 2006, The newspaper reprinted cartoons of Muhammad first published by the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten, prompting a lawsuit from French Muslim groups.

盡管發(fā)行量只有大約3萬，《查理周報》的挑釁性漫畫還是引發(fā)了爭議，并激怒了穆斯林。2006年，這家報紙轉(zhuǎn)載了丹麥報紙《日德蘭郵報》(Jyllands-Posten)率先刊登的穆罕默德的漫畫，遭到法國穆斯林群體的起訴。