美科學(xué)家合成出迄今最簡單生命形式

US scientists have stripped life back to its bareessentials — creating a synthetic microbe with theabsolute minimum genetic information needed togrow and reproduce.

美國科學(xué)家將生命的多余部分剔除，只留下最基本的要素，由此創(chuàng)造出一種合成微生物，這種合成微生物擁有生長和繁殖所需的最低限度的基因信息。

The researchers, led by Craig Venter, the genomicspioneer, made Syn3.0, the “minimal syntheticbacterial cell”, as a follow-up to their muchpublicised creation in 2010 of Syn1.0, the first living cell with DNA (its genome) made fromscratch using laboratory chemicals.

由基因?qū)W先驅(qū)克雷格•文特爾(Craig Venter)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究人員創(chuàng)造了名為Syn3.0的“最小化合成細(xì)菌細(xì)胞”，這是他們?cè)?010年創(chuàng)造的曾得到廣泛宣傳的Syn1.0的后續(xù)成果。Syn1.0是首個(gè)擁有用實(shí)驗(yàn)室化學(xué)品從零合成出的脫氧核糖核酸(DNA)的活細(xì)胞。

They hope Syn3.0 or its successors will provide a platform to which synthetic biologists canadd genes for particular purposes, such as producing drugs or biofuels, though the moreimmediate aim is to understand better the fundamental biochemistry of life.

研究人員希望，Syn3.0或其后續(xù)樣品能提供一個(gè)平臺(tái)，供合成生物學(xué)家加入有特定用途的基因，比如生產(chǎn)藥品或生物燃料的基因，盡管Syn3.0更直接的目標(biāo)是更好地理解生命的基本生化機(jī)理。

The project, published in the journal Science, took four years longer than expected, Dr Ventersaid, and revealed “surprising” gaps in biological knowledge.

這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的研究成果發(fā)表在《科學(xué)》(Science)期刊上。文特爾博士表示，該項(xiàng)目持續(xù)的時(shí)間比預(yù)期長了四年，揭示出生物學(xué)知識(shí)中存在“令人吃驚的”空白。

The initial approach was to design a minimal bacterial genome using all the informationavailable from the scientific literature, but that failed. The failure shows that “our currentknowledge of biology is not sufficient to sit down and design a living organism and build it”,he said.

這個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)最初的思路是利用科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)中提供的所有信息，設(shè)計(jì)一種最小化的細(xì)菌基因組，但這條路沒有走通。文特爾博士說，這次失敗證明“我們目前的生物學(xué)知識(shí)，不足以讓我們坐下來設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)活的有機(jī)體并將它造出來”。

Instead, the team went back to Syn3.0, which was based on Mycoplasma mycoides, thenaturally occurring bacterium, and began the long process of discovering which of its 901genes were essential for life by finding out what happened when each one was deleted.

后來，該團(tuán)隊(duì)調(diào)整了思路，轉(zhuǎn)而研發(fā)基于絲狀支原體的Syn3.0。該團(tuán)隊(duì)展開了漫長的探索，通過逐個(gè)剔除再觀察結(jié)果的辦法，觀察絲狀支原體的901個(gè)基因中有哪些是必不可少的。絲狀支原體是一種天然的細(xì)菌。

One by one the unnecessary genes were eliminated until the team, working in California atthe J Craig Venter Institute and Synthetic Genomics, its associated company, was left with 473genes essential for replication and growth.

就這樣，不必要的基因被一個(gè)接一個(gè)地剔除，最終得到了473個(gè)復(fù)制和生長所必需的基因。該團(tuán)隊(duì)的研究工作是在美國加州約翰•克雷格•文特爾研究所(J. Craig Venter Institute)及其附屬公司合成基因組學(xué)(SyntheticGenomics)展開的。

The DNA encoding these 473 genes, amounting to 531,000 chemical “letters” of genetic code,was then synthesised in the lab and the resulting synthetic genome transplanted into theshell of M capriolum, another bacterium whose own DNA had been removed.

編碼組成這473個(gè)基因的DNA，相當(dāng)于53.1萬個(gè)基因代碼化學(xué)“字母”。這些DNA隨后在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中被合成出來，合成出的基因組被植入另一種細(xì)菌山羊支原體(M capricolum)的殼中，該支原體自身的DNA已被移除。

The synthetic genome took over the biological machinery of the host cell, producing ahealthy bacterium that reproduces rapidly in lab cultures and doubles its colony size everythree hours.

該合成基因組接管了宿主細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)運(yùn)作，產(chǎn)生了一種強(qiáng)健的細(xì)菌，該細(xì)菌經(jīng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培養(yǎng)可迅速繁殖，菌落規(guī)模每三小時(shí)翻一番。