外國專家：中國未來城市規(guī)劃發(fā)展迅速
David Blair
The movement of Chinese citizens from farms to cities over the past 30 years is the largest and fastest urbanization in the history of the world, by far. Getting this process right-planning cities over the next three decades that are productive, livable and environmentally friendly-is crucial.
目前為止，在世界歷史中，過去三十年間中國居民從農(nóng)村遷移到城市的城鎮(zhèn)化規(guī)模最大，速度也最快。在未來三十年規(guī)劃出高效、宜居和環(huán)境友好的城市，以使城鎮(zhèn)化進程順利發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。
Economists have found that people living in cities are generally more productive. The close interactions made possible by easy access to individuals, groups and ideas multiply the opportunities open to inventors, investors and entrepreneurs. These so-called agglomeration effects are a key part of continued economic growth.
經(jīng)濟學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市居民工作效率普遍更高。在城市中，個人、群體和不同的思想間更加接近，因此更易產(chǎn)生互動，這也使創(chuàng)造者、投資者和企業(yè)家的機會成倍增加。這種聚集效應(yīng)對經(jīng)濟發(fā)展持續(xù)增長非常關(guān)鍵。
Robert Guild, director of transport and communications for East Asia at the Asian Development Bank, said the ADB calculates large positive returns for infrastructure investments in China. "Agglomeration reduces the costs of interaction. It lowers costs throughout the supply chain. Plus, it allows people to generate ideas as they serendipitously come into contact with others."
亞洲開發(fā)銀行東亞運輸和通信部主管羅伯特-吉爾德說，該銀行預(yù)測稱，中國的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資將帶來巨大的收益。他說：“聚集減少了互動的成本，減少了整個供應(yīng)鏈的成本。另外，這也讓人們能在和他人偶然的接觸中想出新的主意。”
On the other hand, since 2000, China has invested in building the world's most extensive subway system. The lines are well-managed, on time and reliable. In most cities now it is easy to get around without a car. This is key for building much better cities in the future.
另一方面，自2000年開始，中國已經(jīng)投資修建了世界最大的地鐵系統(tǒng)。地鐵線路管理有方、準(zhǔn)時且可靠。現(xiàn)在在中國大多數(shù)城市，不用開車也能到處游玩。這對未來建造更好的城市很重要。
Entrepreneurial companies like Ofo, Mobike and others that have created China's bike-sharing systems have solved a crucial human logistics problem. These innovations multiply the effectiveness of a subway system by making it possible for almost everyone within the urban area to get to a station within 15 minutes of their home or workplace.
Ofo、摩拜和其他創(chuàng)業(yè)公司打造出中國的共享單車體系，解決了重要的交通問題。這些創(chuàng)新使地鐵出行的效果成倍增長，幾乎每位城區(qū)居民都可以在15分鐘內(nèi)從家或者辦公室到達地鐵站。
The world's most extensive high-speed rail system is almost complete, now linking key cities in most of the country.
世界規(guī)模最大的高鐵系統(tǒng)也已接近完成，連接起中國多數(shù)大城市。
China has done a lot of things right. There are no massive, dangerous slums like those seen in cities of other developing countries. Pollution has been bad, but coordinated national planning is making rapid improvements possible.
中國取得了很多成就。這里沒有其他發(fā)展中國家城市中那樣巨大又危險的貧民窟。中國的確存在污染問題，但協(xié)調(diào)有序的國家規(guī)劃將迅速改善目前的狀況。
One danger from rapid urbanization is that the countryside could become less well off. Many countries around the world have exploited farmers to support their urban populations. That's the reason China's current emphasis on poverty reduction, entrepreneurship in rural areas and agricultural revitalization is so important. Cities are highly productive, but no country can have a healthy society unless its smaller cities and rural areas are also great places to live.
快速城鎮(zhèn)化的一個風(fēng)險是鄉(xiāng)村會變得更貧困。全球很多國家都曾利用農(nóng)民的勞動成果支持城市人口。因此中國目前下大力氣減貧、支持農(nóng)村創(chuàng)業(yè)和鄉(xiāng)村振興非常重要。城市效率高，但如果一個國家的小城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村地區(qū)不宜居，那么這個國家的社會就不健康。
So what are the next logical steps?
那么下一步該怎么走呢?
The next big infrastructure investment will be into regional rail systems linking smaller cities to large core areas. This relieves pressure on the core areas and increases productivity on a national scale. Three huge integrated areas-the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area in the north, the Yangtze River Delta centered on Shanghai, and the Pearl River Delta including Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong in the south-will be the largest megalopolises in the world. Getting the planning of these regions right is key to building ongoing sustainable growth.
下一項大的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資將是把小城市與大的核心區(qū)連接起來的鐵路系統(tǒng)。這將減少核心地區(qū)的壓力，提升全國的效率。三個大的綜合區(qū)域(北方的京津冀地區(qū)、以上海為中心的長三角地區(qū)、包括廣州、深圳和香港的珠三角地區(qū))將成為全球最大的城市群。把這些地區(qū)規(guī)劃好對可持續(xù)發(fā)展非常關(guān)鍵。
In the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area, 1,100 kilometers of new regional rails are planned, making travel convenient throughout the region. The Xiongan New Area will be linked tightly with Beijing, allowing people to enjoy the benefits of agglomeration without the downside of living in a crowded and expensive core city.
中國計劃在京津冀地區(qū)修建1100公里的城際鐵路，使這一地區(qū)的人們出行更加便利。雄安新區(qū)也將與北京緊密相連，使人們不居住在擁擠且昂貴的核心城市，就可以享受到城市群的好處。
The Xiongan New Area will serve as a test case for urban planning concepts moving forward. The best urban planners from around the world are being consulted to ensure the new city is as smart and green as possible.
雄安新區(qū)將成為進一步推行城市規(guī)劃的試驗案例。中國邀請了全球最好的城市規(guī)劃者們提出建議，確保雄安新區(qū)更加智能和環(huán)保。
"They want to use new urban planning principles including small roads and small districts, energy self-sufficiency, mixed-use areas balancing homes and jobs, multimodal transportation, said Liu Daizong, China transport program director at the World Resources Institute.
世界資源研究所中國運輸項目主管劉代宗(音)說：“中國希望使用新的城市規(guī)劃原則，包括小路和小區(qū)域、能源自給、平衡住宅和辦公場所的多功能區(qū)以及綜合運輸?shù)取?rdquo;
"They also have some ideas to focus on smart city technology and on integrating future innovation, such as driverless cars, and there are plans for 'complete streets' that make space for pedestrians, bikes and buses. The Xiongan New Area is very close to Lake Baiyangdian, so urban planners want to use sponge city technology to handle water runoff. They plan to have a 15-minute life cycle-meaning that residents can find everything they need for their daily lives within a 15-minute bike ride."
“中國還想利用智能城市技術(shù)并結(jié)合未來創(chuàng)新打造雄安新區(qū)，比如無人駕駛汽車，還計劃修建為行人、自行車和公交車讓出空間的‘完整街道’。雄安新區(qū)毗鄰白洋淀，所以城市規(guī)劃者想使用海綿城市技術(shù)解決水流失。他們計劃打造15分鐘生活圈，也就是居民可以在騎行15分鐘的區(qū)域內(nèi)找到各種生活所需。”
The investments of today will make China's cities of 2050 both productive and pleasant places to live.
今天的投資將使2050年的中國更高效而且居住更舒適。
