28. The Cost of Lucas' Divorce (Rational Expectations, Indeed)
Robert Lucas, winner of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on the theory of "rational expectations", had to split his $1 million prize with his ex-wife.
When Lucas and his wife, Rita, got a divorce in 1988, she had her divorce lawyer insert a clause to cover just such a possibility. The clause in the couple's property settlement reads: "Wife shall receive 50 percent of any Nobel Prize." Under the property settlement, if her ex-husband had won the Nobel after Oct. 31, 1995, he would have kept the whole thing while Rita Lucas would have gotten nothing.
As it turned out 【1】 , Lucas was awarded the prize on Oct. 10, 1995. Lucas said he would gladly share his windfall.
A deal is a deal, Lucas said. "It's hard to be unpleasant after winning a prize like that."
If there were a Nobel Prize for Foresight or Timing, she should be nominated, based on a clause in their divorce settlement. The clause expired on October 31, 1995. Had Lucas won any year after, he would have kept the whole million.
Economists joked that Lucas's model applied to 【2】 his wife: she had rational—or at least correct—expectations.
盧卡斯離婚的代價(jià)(名副其實(shí)的理性預(yù)期)
羅伯特·盧卡斯因其在“理性預(yù)期”理論方面的成就而獲得1995年度諾貝爾經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng),但他不得不和前妻平分這100萬美元的獎(jiǎng)金。
早在1988年盧卡斯和妻子麗塔離婚的時(shí)候,麗塔讓她的律師在離婚協(xié)議里加上了一項(xiàng)條款,涉及盧卡斯得獎(jiǎng)的可能性。該條款在他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)分割協(xié)議書上是這么說的:“妻子將會(huì)得到任何諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)金的50%。”根據(jù)該財(cái)產(chǎn)協(xié)議,如果她的前夫在1995年10月31日之后獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng),則他會(huì)獨(dú)享大獎(jiǎng)而麗塔將一無所獲。
結(jié)果,盧卡斯的獲獎(jiǎng)日期是1995年10月10日。盧卡斯表示他很高興和前妻平分這筆意外之財(cái)。
“協(xié)議就是協(xié)議,”盧卡斯說,“獲得這樣的大獎(jiǎng)不高興都難。”
如果諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)有預(yù)見獎(jiǎng)或把握時(shí)機(jī)獎(jiǎng),那么麗塔應(yīng)該因那項(xiàng)條款而得到提名。這一條款的有效期止于1995年10月31日。假如盧卡斯在此后的任何年度獲獎(jiǎng),他都將獨(dú)享全部的獎(jiǎng)金。
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們開玩笑說,盧卡斯的模型用在他妻子身上正合適:她的預(yù)期是合理的——或者至少是正確的。
背景知識(shí)與點(diǎn)評(píng)
·羅伯特·盧卡斯(1937— )是美國著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家,芝加哥大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教授。他是20世紀(jì)70年代以來最有影響力的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家之一,改變了此前由凱恩斯主義經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)一統(tǒng)天下的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)理論的基礎(chǔ),提出宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)模型應(yīng)該具有微觀基礎(chǔ)。
·盧卡斯最為人熟知的是他的“理性預(yù)期”理論。理性預(yù)期指的是針對某個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象(例如市場價(jià)格)進(jìn)行預(yù)期的時(shí)候,如果人們是理性的,那么他們會(huì)最大限度地利用所得到的信息來作出行動(dòng)而不會(huì)犯系統(tǒng)性的錯(cuò)誤,因此,總體來說,人們的預(yù)期應(yīng)該是準(zhǔn)確的。
·盧卡斯的前妻在離婚協(xié)議上加一特殊條款不是突發(fā)奇想而是理性的判斷,因?yàn)橹ゼ痈绱髮W(xué)是美國最負(fù)盛名的私立大學(xué)之一,共有75位校友曾獲諾貝爾獎(jiǎng),為美國大學(xué)中最多。在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)方面,芝加哥大學(xué)的經(jīng)濟(jì)系產(chǎn)生了22位諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主,在這樣的學(xué)校里擔(dān)任教授不想獲獎(jiǎng)都難。
英語知識(shí)鏈接
【1】 turn out:結(jié)果是
【2】 apply to:適用于