Malcolm Muggeridge (1903—1990)
本文原題“America Needs A Punch,”刊于1958年四月號(hào)Esquire雜志“英國專號(hào)”。作者曾任英國幽默雜志Punch之主編多年。這篇文章雖然討論幽默,但是本身文字似頗嚴(yán)肅。此處所摘幾段,大致可說明幽默對(duì)于人生之重要。
During the five years that I was responsible for bringing out the avowedly humorous publication, Punch, I brooded intermittently on the subject of humor. It was a somber, but by no means unrewarding endeavor.
● bringinging out:刊行。
● Punch:為英國幽默雜志,林語堂博士曾把其名譯為“笨拙”。按:Punch原為英國木偶戲中的一個(gè)角色(好像中國木偶戲中的豬八戒),勾鼻紅臉,圓睛長頦,那本雜志就拿那個(gè)木頭人作為標(biāo)記。
● avowedly:自認(rèn)地,自稱地。此字原為動(dòng)詞avow(承認(rèn),自認(rèn)),加-ed成形容詞,再加-ly成副詞?!氨孔尽睒?biāo)榜幽默。
● intermittently:斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地。brooded…on:思考。
● It:思考幽默這個(gè)題目。這是件somber(讓人感到不愉快、不樂觀)的工作,但是把這個(gè)問題想一想,也不是“花不來”的(by no means unrewarding)。
Humor, I have come to feel, is an expression in terms of the grotesque of the enormous disparity between human aspiration and human performance. Thus, self-importance is funny because everyone really knows in his heart that, whatever else is conceivable, it is quite outside the bounds of possibility that one mortal man should be inherently more important than another.
● I have come to feel:我漸漸地有這個(gè)看法。這幾個(gè)字一般中國學(xué)生用來,會(huì)把它們放在全句之首,成為全句之主句,然后用連詞that,再說humor如何如何,而以humor is…為從句。在這里I have come to feel這五個(gè)字,只是臨時(shí)插進(jìn)去的(parenthetical),在全句文法結(jié)構(gòu)上,幾乎不占地位。按理說,這五個(gè)字本是可有可無,如把它們放在主句的地位,的確是太抬舉它們了。中國學(xué)生對(duì)于這種“插入語句”(parenthetical expression)如能善加利用,英文句法可以活潑得多。照現(xiàn)在這樣的用法,全句的重心在Humor一字,I have come to feel讀起來很輕。這樣讀法,語氣很順。
● human aspiration:人類的理想。human performance:人類的行為。人類的理想與“實(shí)際表演”之間有很大的差別(enormous disparity),幽默就是以荒謬怪誕的方式(in terms of the grotesque),表現(xiàn)這種差別,例如,人人心中想做勇士,崇拜勇士;但是人實(shí)際上所表現(xiàn)的,卻是以懦怯為多。西洋的滑稽電影,常常就由一個(gè)丑角(如Danny Kaye),以奇怪的動(dòng)作,配合荒謬的故事,演出一個(gè)“勇敢的懦夫”或“懦怯的勇士”。
● grotesque:奇形怪狀的。此字為形容詞,此處和the連用,就當(dāng)作名詞用了。
● self-importance:自以為了不起。everyone really knows后面跟一個(gè)很長的名詞從句,that...,一直到全句之末。
● whatever is conceivable:任何別的事情我們都可以想象(conceive),但是有一件事情我們是不能想象的(或者說,任何別的事情或者都是可能的,但是有一件事情是絕不可能的,是很超過可能性的范圍的:quite outside the bounds of possibility)。此事為何?就是:大家都是人,誰都不是神(因此都是凡人mortal),怎么會(huì)有一個(gè)人在本質(zhì)上(inherently)比別人更重要呢?人人有超過別人的“理想”,但是他的表現(xiàn)卻常常與別人無殊,有這么一點(diǎn)差別在,所以一個(gè)高視闊步,神氣活現(xiàn)的人,也常常是個(gè)可笑的人。
● it is quite...中的it代替后面的that one...那個(gè)名詞從句。
On a basis of this definition it can readily be seen why humor, in its social application, is normally distasteful to those set in authority over us. When the governed laugh, the governors cannot but have an uneasy feeling that they may well be laughing at them.
● it代替“why”clause,readily:這是很容易被看出來的;我們很容易了解這點(diǎn)道理。
● in its social application:在它社會(huì)應(yīng)用的一方面。在私人來往之間我們可以說笑話,做滑稽的動(dòng)作;但是我們假如把幽默應(yīng)用到社會(huì)上去,假如我們的幽默牽涉到的,不是我們自己,也不是我們的朋友,而是某種社會(huì)制度,或是社會(huì)上的知名之士,那么這種幽默就將為權(quán)威人士所不喜。
● distasteful to:不對(duì)(某種人的)胃口。normally:通常說來。set是過去分詞。那種有權(quán)威,地位在我們之上的人。
● the governed:被統(tǒng)治者。the governors:統(tǒng)治者。cannot but:不得不。統(tǒng)治者心里必有不安,以為人家很可能(may well)笑的就是他。laughing用進(jìn)行式使得前面when the governed laugh中的laugh更為生動(dòng)。
Humor, in fact, is an aspect of freedom, without which it cannot exist at all. By its nature, humor implies, when it does not state, criticism of existing institutions, beliefs, and functionaries. Absolute power means absolute solemnity, and the degree to which a society is free, and therefore civilized, may be measured by the degree to which it permits ridicule.
● aspect:方面。幽默是自由之一方面,沒有自由(without which),也就沒有幽默。
● By its nature:就幽默的本質(zhì)說來。幽默就包含(implies)著“批評(píng)”的意義:對(duì)于現(xiàn)有的制度、信仰和官吏(functionaries)的批評(píng)。when it does not state:這種批評(píng)有時(shí)候是明白說出來(state)的;即使在不明白說出來的時(shí)候,幽默也“暗含”著批評(píng)的意義。
● Absolute power:絕對(duì)的權(quán)力(沒有限制,無可批評(píng)的權(quán)力)必須要配合著(means)絕對(duì)的莊重。一個(gè)社會(huì)自由到什么程度,(自由就是文明的表現(xiàn),因此我們可以說,一個(gè)社會(huì)文明到什么程度),是有一樣?xùn)|西可以測量(measured)的:這個(gè)社會(huì)究竟許不許人家說笑話?許到什么程度?
All this is obvious enough, and we who inhabit what we like to call the "free world" complacently assume that, in contradistinction with the state of affairs across the Iron Curtain, with us humor is unrestricted and abundant. But is it? I have come to feel of late that in the United States, as well as in Britain, the area of life in which ridicule is permissible is steadily shrinking, and that a dangerous tendency is becoming manifest to take ourselves with undue seriousness. Irreverence is decidedly out of fashion, and the clown or satirist, if he is to continue in business, must keep a careful eye on his targets lest they frown unduly.
● obvious:明顯的。we:我們住在“自由世界”的人;作者認(rèn)為這樣說,意義尚未夠精確,改為,我們這種居住于我們常稱之為“自由世界”那地方的人。complacently:自鳴得意地。assume:作此假定。
● state of affairs:情形。我們常自以為:和不自由地區(qū)的情形相比,我們這里(with us)幽默是大行其道——豐富而不受限制。但是事實(shí)真是這樣嗎?(is it?=is humor unrestricted and abundant?)
● of late:最近。I have come to feel:在前面有一段是用作“插入語句”的,這里可是“主句”了。在前面那一段,作者要強(qiáng)調(diào)humor這個(gè)字,故把那五個(gè)字貶為“插入語句”。在本句中,作者要批評(píng)英美人,說他們的幽默逐漸喪失,這種話也許是不中聽的,作者怕得罪人,乃吞吞吐吐,故意不把想說的話說出來。在這種情形之下,I have come to feel就成了主句了。
● 此句的吞吞吐吐,可由其起句的緩慢見之。I have come to feel of late非主要的話也(雖然文法上是主句);in the United States, as well as in Britain,亦非主要的話也,話說了這么多,說到主要的意思,仍舊用一種婉曲的說法:在英美兩國,譏笑可以適用的范圍是越來越小了;人生中可以容許譏笑的范圍是不斷地在縮小。英美兩國,雖號(hào)稱民主,但是碰到有些問題,也不敢出之玩笑口吻的。
● I come to feel后面跟兩個(gè)名詞性從句。第二個(gè)名詞性從句,也是以that領(lǐng)頭:我們可以漸漸看得見有一種危險(xiǎn)的傾向(原文是:“有一種危險(xiǎn)的傾向正成為明顯”),那就是,我們把自己的生活弄得太嚴(yán)肅。undue:過度的。
● Irreverence:不敬,玩笑。clown:丑。satirist:諷刺家。
● continue in business:假如他還想吃這一行飯的話。古之弄臣,可以談笑之中進(jìn)忠諫,今之滑稽明星,假如譏笑了社會(huì)上某種人士,他就可能不受歡迎。targets:(諷刺的)目標(biāo)。丑角一定要時(shí)時(shí)看清楚他的目標(biāo),只怕(lest)受諷刺的人皺起眉頭,臉色大為不悅。
In King Lear's misfortunes his only faithful and true counselor was the Fool. It might be so with us. The ultimate safeguard is perhaps not atomic weapons, larger and better bases, louder radio stations, but more fools. The foolishness of man, Blake wrote, is the wisdom of God; and it may well be that those who seek to suppress or limit laughter are more dangerous than all the subversive conspiracies which the F.B.I. ever has or will uncover. Laughter, in fact, is the most effective of all subversive conspiracies, and it operates on our side.
● King Lear是莎士比亞悲劇中的主人翁,他受不了女兒的虐待,無家可歸,在暴風(fēng)雨中徬徨,只有一個(gè)小丑(Fool)陪伴著他。小丑說些不著邊際的話,其實(shí)都是針對(duì)著Lear的痛苦。counselor:顧問,謀士。在老王遭遇不幸的時(shí)候,唯一忠實(shí)而說真話的謀士,是那個(gè)小丑。我們現(xiàn)在也處在一個(gè)不幸的時(shí)代,我們可能也需要小丑來做朋友(It might be so with us)。
● ultimate safeguard:(自由世界)終究的保障。
● William Blake(1757—1827):英國神秘主義詩人。
● subversive conspiracies:顛覆(政府)的陰謀。
● F.B.I.:美國聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局(Federal Bureau of Investigation)。uncover:揭發(fā)(陰謀)。聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局歷來揭發(fā)各種顛覆陰謀,將來這種工作還要繼續(xù)下去,但是一切顛覆陰謀,要論危險(xiǎn),還比不上那種不許人家笑的人。事實(shí)可能是這樣:那種設(shè)法(seek)要禁止人家笑,或是限制人家笑的人,是比那種種陰謀更為危險(xiǎn)。這是一個(gè)paradox。
● 事實(shí)上,笑才是最有效的顛覆活動(dòng)。民主國家不怕老百姓笑口常開,極權(quán)國家才怕人笑。嘻嘻哈哈,而極權(quán)統(tǒng)治休矣。最后一句our重讀,表示笑可顛覆極權(quán)的政府,是有利于我們自由世界的。
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