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[初中]全新英語語法13-3 主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

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2021年12月15日

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語態(tài)是謂語動詞的一種形式,用來說明主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語中的語態(tài)分主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者;被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者,或者說主語是動作的對象,即主語是謂語動詞的邏輯賓語。如:

We clean the room every day.我們每天打掃房間。(we是clean的執(zhí)行者)

The room is cleaned every day.房間每天都打掃。(room是clean的對象)

注意: 由于被動語態(tài)的主語是謂語動詞的邏輯賓語,因此只有及物動詞才可能有被動語態(tài);不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。

13-3 主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

主動語態(tài)的句子可以變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的句子。在由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,要注意被動語態(tài)中的人稱和數(shù)要與被動語態(tài)的謂語動詞保持一致;被動語態(tài)要與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)保持一致。主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換主要有以下幾種情況。

1.“主+謂+賓”結(jié)構(gòu)

(1)把主動句的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z;

(2)把主動句的謂語動詞變?yōu)閎e+過去分詞形式;

(3)把主動句的主語放到介詞by后面組成介詞短語,置于被動句后作狀語。

Taotao broke the window yesterday.昨天濤濤打破了那扇窗子。

→The window was broken by Taotao yesterday.那扇窗子是濤濤昨天打破的。

His speech moved us deeply.他的講話使我們深受感動。

→We were deeply moved by his speech.我們被他的講話深深感動了。

注意:

①被動語態(tài)中的by短語在意思明確的情況下可以省略。如:

A new law has been passed.一項(xiàng)新的法律已被通過。

Many people were killed in the war.戰(zhàn)爭中有許多人喪生。

②主動語態(tài)如果是帶no的否定句,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時常常用no,neither或never等。如:

No one has ever beaten the boy at tennis.在網(wǎng)球比賽中沒有人打敗過那個男孩。

→The boy has never been beaten at tennis.在網(wǎng)球比賽中那個男孩從未被打敗過。

③否定句中帶有any構(gòu)成的不定代詞,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,主語用由no構(gòu)成的否定代詞。如:

We didn't notice anything special in his work.我們沒有注意到他工作中特殊的地方。

→Nothing special was noticed in his work.他工作中沒什么特殊的地方被注意到。

2.“主+謂+間賓+直賓”結(jié)構(gòu)

及物動詞buy,give,borrow,lend,send,bring,take,ask,teach,show,offer,tell,sell,pay等在句中常常帶雙賓語,一個指人,一個指物。指人的叫間接賓語,簡稱間賓;指物的叫直接賓語,簡稱直賓。含有雙賓語的句子由主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,通常只將其中一個賓語作為被動語態(tài)的主語。其變化規(guī)則為:

(1)將間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,直接賓語保留在動詞后不變。如:

They offered me a job in the company.他們在公司里給我提供了一份工作。

→I was offered a job in the company.

Li Hua showed me his new shoes.李華給我看他的新鞋子。

→I was shown his new shoes by Li Hua.

(2)將直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,謂語動詞與間接賓語之間要加上介詞to或for。如:

Father gave me a nice present.爸爸給了我一件精美的禮物。

→A nice present was given to me by Father.

Mr.Lin booked me a room in the hotel.林先生在旅店給我訂了個房間。

→A room was booked for me by Mr.Lin in the hotel.

注意:

①間接賓語前加to 的動詞有:bring,give,hand,pay,lend,offer,pass,post,send,show,take,teach,tell,throw,write等;

②間接賓語前加for的動詞有:buy,call,cook,do,get,make,save,book(預(yù)訂)等。

③只用直接賓語作為被動語態(tài)的主語的動詞:bring,do,make,pass,sell,sing,telegraph,write等。如:

He wrote her a letter.他給她寫了一封信。

→A letter was written to her by him.

My sister made me a doll.我姐姐給我做了一個玩具。

→A doll was made for me by my sister.

④用間接賓語作被動語態(tài)的主語的動詞有:answer,refuse,save,spare等。如:

He answered me the question.他回答了我那個問題。

→I was answered the question by him.

3.“主+謂+賓語+賓補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)

含有復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語)的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r,將主動句的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z,而主動句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語保留不動,成為主語補(bǔ)足語。常見動詞有:call,make,choose,regard,name,believe,paint,think等。如:

We painted the wall white.我們把墻漆成白色。

→The wall was painted white by us.墻被我們漆成了白色。

I saw the boys playing by the river just now.我剛才還見那些男孩在河邊玩耍。

→The boys were seen playing by the river just now.剛才那些男孩還被看見在河邊玩耍。

Someone found the windows broken.有人發(fā)現(xiàn)窗子被打破了。

→The windows were found broken.窗子被發(fā)現(xiàn)打破了。

注意:

①感官動詞see,watch,feel,hear,notice,listen to,look at等和使役動詞have,make等后接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足,但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時要加上to。如:

They heard Alice sing a moment ago.他們剛才聽見了艾麗絲唱歌。

→Alice was heard to sing a moment ago.剛才聽到艾麗絲在唱歌。

They made me work without rest.他們逼我不停地干活。

→I was made to work without rest.我被迫不停地干活。

②動詞help后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語時,to可省也可保留,但變被動語態(tài)時要保留to,如:

My brother helped me (to)wash my clothes.我哥哥幫我洗衣服。

→I was helped by my brother to wash my clothes.我被哥哥幫助洗衣服。

4.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)

(1)有些短語動詞在意義上相當(dāng)于及物動詞,也有被動語態(tài)。這些短語動詞在主動句中是搭配緊湊且不可分割的詞組,所以在變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r不可丟掉原短語中的介詞或副詞。如:

They often laugh at the old man.他們常常嘲笑那位老人。

→The old man was often laughed at.那位老人常遭人嘲笑。

We have sent for a doctor.我們已派人去請醫(yī)生了。

→A doctor has been sent for.已派人去請醫(yī)生了。

You must hand in papers at 3 o'clock.你們必須在三點(diǎn)鐘交試卷。

→Papers must be handed in at 3 o'clock.試卷必須在三點(diǎn)鐘交。

(2)在“動詞+名詞+介詞” 結(jié)構(gòu)中,這個名詞也可以變成被動句的主語,也就是說,這種結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種變?yōu)楸粍泳涞姆椒āH纾?/p>

People paid no attention to me.人們沒有注意到我。

→No attention was paid to me.

→I was paid no attention to.

Young men must make full use of time.年輕人必須充分利用時間。

→Time must be made full use of by young men.

→Full use must be made of time by young men.

You should take good care of children.你應(yīng)當(dāng)照顧好孩子們。

→Children should be taken good care of (by you).

→Good care should be taken of children (by you).

注意:

此類短語動詞主要有:make contributions to對……作出貢獻(xiàn),make fun of 取笑,make preparations for為……做好準(zhǔn)備,make use of利用,take care of照顧,take notice of注意到,pay attention to注意,set fire to放火等。

5.祈使句的被動語態(tài)

有時部分祈使句也可變?yōu)楸粍邮?。肯定的祈使句的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是:Let+賓語+be+過去分詞;否定的祈使句的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是:Don't+let+賓語+be+過去分詞(或Let+賓語+not+be+過去分詞)。如:

Open the door.打開門。

→Let the door be opened.

Let them clean the room.叫他們打掃房間。

→Let the room be cleaned.

Let us do it at once.讓我們立即開始。

→Let it be done at once.

Don't let her do such a thing.不要讓她做這種事。

→Don't let such a thing be done by her.

6.賓語從句的被動語態(tài)

主動句是含有賓語從句的復(fù)合句,在變成被動句時,常用it作形式主語,把主動句中的謂語動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài),原賓語從句不動。如:

They believe that the meeting is a success.他們相信會議是成功的。

→It is believed that the meeting is a success.

Someone said that the story was false.據(jù)說這個故事是假的。

→It was said that the story was false.

People say that he has died.據(jù)說他死了。

→It is said that he has died.

They think that he has made great progress。他們認(rèn)為他大有進(jìn)步。

→It is thought that he has made great progress.

→He is thought to have made great progress.

注意:

①如果賓語從句是“主語+及物動詞+賓語”的結(jié)構(gòu),賓語從句也可以變成被動語態(tài)。

My sister told me that Mother scolded her yesterday.妹妹對我說昨天母親斥責(zé)她了。

I was told that my sister was scolded by Mother yesterday.

②能接這類賓語從句的動詞有:believe,consider,expect,know,report,suppose,think等。


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