語態(tài)是謂語動詞的一種形式,用來說明主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。英語中的語態(tài)分主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者;被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者,或者說主語是動作的對象,即主語是謂語動詞的邏輯賓語。如:
We clean the room every day.我們每天打掃房間。(we是clean的執(zhí)行者)
The room is cleaned every day.房間每天都打掃。(room是clean的對象)
注意: 由于被動語態(tài)的主語是謂語動詞的邏輯賓語,因此只有及物動詞才可能有被動語態(tài);不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。
1.by短語的正確使用
(1)by短語的位置。在被動語態(tài)中,by短語通常緊隨在被動語態(tài)謂語動詞之后;在含有時間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語的句子中,by短語通常放在地點(diǎn)狀語之后,時間狀語之前。如:
The model plane was made by my brother .這個飛機(jī)模型是我哥哥做的。
The books were put into the box by the monitor .書是班長放進(jìn)箱子里的。
She was seen in the street by us yesterday.昨天我們在街上看到她了。
(2)by短語的省略。
①當(dāng)不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時,by短語省略不用。如:
Our school was set up fifty years ago.我們學(xué)校是五十年前建成的。(不知道誰是執(zhí)行者)
②當(dāng)沒有必要指出或不想說出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時,by短語通常省略。如:
Your homework should be handed in early tomorrow.你的作業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)明天一早交上。(上下文已暗示出動作的執(zhí)行者,沒必要再做重復(fù))
③當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者是泛指時通常省略by短語。如:
She was noticed to come late again.有人注意到她又遲到了。(動作的執(zhí)行者是泛指)
注意:
下列情況by短語不可省略:
①當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者是話題中心時不可省略。如:
The classroom was cleaned by Green,not by Jane.教室是格林打掃的,不是簡打掃的。
②若省略by短語意義模糊時,則不可省略。如:
English is spoken by many people.很多人說英語。
2.不用被動語態(tài)的6種情況
(1)某些謂語動詞在句中為連系動詞時,不用被動語態(tài)。如:
He looked fine.他看上去氣色好。
The food tastes delicious.這食物味道很好。
(2)謂語動詞為不及物動詞或不及物的短語動詞時,不用被動語態(tài)。如:
The war broke out in the end.戰(zhàn)爭終于爆發(fā)了。
I happened to meet him there.我碰巧在那兒見到了他。
(3)賓語為動詞不定式、動詞的-ing 形式或從句,表示主語的一些想法、愛好或愿望時,一般不用被動語態(tài)。如:
He decided to go with us.他決定跟我們一起去。
I want to buy a computer.我想買一臺電腦。
(4)賓語是相互代詞、反身代詞、同源賓語等時,一般不用被動語態(tài)。如:
We should help each other .我們應(yīng)該相互幫助。
He thinks of himself too much.他為自己想得太多。
(5)賓語是表示處所、地點(diǎn)時,一般不用被動語態(tài)。如:
We will reach the station in two hours.我們再過兩個小時就會到站了。
He has gone to London now.他去倫敦了。
(6)謂語部分(動詞與賓語)是一個不可分割的動詞短語時,一般不用被動語態(tài)。如:
The ship set sail this morning.這艘輪船今天早晨起航了。
He saw the doctor yesterday evening.他昨天晚上看了醫(yī)生。
3.主動形式表示被動意義的3種情況
(1)有些不及物動詞形式上雖為主動,但表示被動意義。如:
The plan worked out successfully.計劃進(jìn)行得很成功。
the plan was worked out successfully.
The book sells well.這本書銷路好。
This shirt will wear very long.這件襯衫可以穿很久。
Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。
The parcel carries easily.包裹容易搬運(yùn)。
The fields flooded.田野被洪水淹沒。
Ripe oranges peel easily.成熟的橙子很容易削皮。
注意:
這類動詞常見的有:lock,shut,open,move,read,write,sell,wash,clean,catch,cut等。
(2)有些動詞的進(jìn)行時,形式上是主動,但含被動的意義。如:
The book is printing.=The book is being printed.這本書正在印刷中。
The house is building.=The house is being built.這棟房子正在建造中。
The drum is beating.=The drum is being beaten.鼓正敲著。
(3)有些介詞短語作表語時,主動形式表示被動意義。如:
The question is now under discussion.這個問題正在被討論。
The fire was finally under control.大火最終被控制住了。
All these temples are under repairs.所有這些古廟正在修復(fù)中。
The project is in the charge of a Japanese expert.這項(xiàng)工程由一位日本專家負(fù)責(zé)。
4.被動形式表示主動意義的2種情況
(1)某些“動詞+反身代詞”結(jié)構(gòu),被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示主動意義。如:
She usually dresses herself in white.她通常穿白色衣服。
The boy seated himself by the window。小男孩坐在窗戶旁。
(2)有些不及物動詞的過去分詞,如gone,come,fallen,returned,retired,graduated等作表語時,表示主動意義。如:
Winter is gone and spring is come.冬天走了,春天來了。
The ground is covered with fallen leaves.地面蓋滿了落葉。
Next year I will be graduated.明年我就要畢業(yè)了。
My parents have already been retired.我父母已經(jīng)退休了。
5.“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別
“be+過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)既可以是系表結(jié)構(gòu),又可以是被動語態(tài)。其主要區(qū)別是被動語態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作,系表結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。
(1)從形式上來看,被動語態(tài)往往接by施動者,而系表結(jié)構(gòu)往往有固定的搭配。如be connected with,be separated from,be covered with,be interested in,be surprised at,be satisfied with,be concerned about等。
I was interested in what you showed me.我對你所展示的感興趣。(被動語態(tài))
We were surprised at the unexpected news.我們對這個意外的消息感到驚訝。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
注意:
句中有“by+人”時,多為被動語態(tài);而“by+物”時,多屬系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
The house was surrounded by the police.這房子被警察包圍了。(被動語態(tài))
The house was surrounded by trees.這房子四周都是樹。(系表結(jié)構(gòu),表示靜止的狀態(tài))
(2)從時態(tài)上來看,被動語態(tài)中be的時態(tài)要與動作發(fā)生的時間一致;而系表結(jié)構(gòu)的be只有一般現(xiàn)在時或完成時,表示目前或過去的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。如:
This window was broken by Kate yesterday.這窗戶是凱特昨天打破的。(被動語態(tài))
This glass is broken.這塊玻璃是破的。(系表結(jié)構(gòu),指目前的狀態(tài))
(3)從句中的狀語來看,過去分詞前有well,very,quite等副詞修飾的是系表結(jié)構(gòu);若句中有時間、方式或目的狀語時,一般為被動語態(tài)。
The play is well written.這劇本寫得很好。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The play was written with great care.這劇本是非常用心地寫出來的。(被動語態(tài),有方式狀語)
(4)被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞必須是及物動詞,而系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞可以是gone,fallen,risen等不及物動詞。如:
My pen is gone.我的鋼筆不見了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
The sun is risen.太陽升起來了。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
6.常用表被動的固定句型
(1)It is said that ...據(jù)說……
(2)It is reported that ...據(jù)報道……
(3)It is well known that ...眾所周知……
(4)It is supposed that ...據(jù)推測……
(5)It is suggested that ...有人建議……
(6)It is generally considered that ...普遍認(rèn)為……
It is said that they have realized their wishes.據(jù)說他們已實(shí)現(xiàn)了他們的愿望。
It is reported that the Underground Line will be built in our city in 2019.據(jù)報道我們城市將在2019年建地鐵。
It is well known that everyone has his own dream as well as his own future.眾所周知的,每個人都有自己的夢想以及他自己的未來。
It is supposed that there is no life on the moon.據(jù)推測,月球上沒有生命。
It is suggested that we should hold the meeting next week.有人建議我們應(yīng)當(dāng)在下周舉行會議。
It is generally considered that what you have done is wrong.人們普遍認(rèn)為你所做的是錯誤的。
【中考速遞】
1.[北京中考考題] A new road _____ near my school next year.
A.builds B.will build C.is built D.will be built
2.[湖北黃岡中考考題] — Tom is always careless with his schoolwork.Could you help him?
— No problem!I think he _____ to think twice before starting.
A.should be told B.can tell
C.should tell D.can be telling
3.[江蘇南京中考考題] It's reported that Jiangsu Grand Theatre _____ in September this year.
A.completes B.is completed
C.will complete D.will be completed
4.[廣東中考考題] He Jiang _____ to give a speech at the graduation ceremony at Harvard University last month.
A.invites B.invited C.is invited D.was invited
5.[甘肅蘭州中考考題] These rules are made _____ the disabled.
A.protect B.protected C.to protect D.protecting
6.[山東泰安中考考題] More chances _____ for students to learn from each other if working in groups.
A.provide B.are provided C.provided D.will provide
【答案點(diǎn)撥】
1.答案:D 句意:我家附近有一條新的公路明年將會建成。由next year 可知句子用一般將來時;由句意可知a new road和build之間是被動關(guān)系,用將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。故選D。
2.答案:A 句意:“湯姆做作業(yè)一直很粗心。你幫幫他好嗎?”“沒問題。我想應(yīng)該告訴他三思而后行。”由句意可知he是告訴的對象,用被動語態(tài);表示“應(yīng)當(dāng)”用should,故選A。
3.答案:D 句意:據(jù)報道,江蘇大劇院于今年九月份完工。由句中的時間this year可知用一般將來時;由句意可知用被動語態(tài)。故選D。
4.答案:D 句意:上個月賀江被邀請在哈佛大學(xué)的畢業(yè)典禮上作報告。根據(jù)last month可知用一般過去時態(tài);由句意可知用被動語態(tài),故選D。
5.答案:C 句意:這些規(guī)則被制定出來以保護(hù)殘疾人。make后的不定式在被動語態(tài)中要加上to。故選C。
6.答案:B 句意:如果分組學(xué)習(xí)的話,這就為學(xué)生們的互相學(xué)習(xí)提供了更多的機(jī)會。句子主語more chances是provide的承受者,應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)。故選B。
【語法專練 體驗(yàn)中考】
1.[山東青島] Children should _____ to be honest from a young age.
A.educate B.be educated C.punish D.be punished
2.[重慶考題] — Mom,where is my model plane?
— Oh,it _____ to Jenny yesterday.
A.is lent B.lends C.was lent D.lent
3.[甘肅白銀] Mr.Anderson's car _____ last night.
A.was stolen B.stolen C.stole D.is stolen
4.[山東濰坊] It is said that the project connecting mainland and Hong Kong _____ soon.
A.is completed B.has completed
C.will complete D.will be completed
5.[山東威海] — There aren't any libraries in our town,are there?
— No,but it is said one _____ next year.
A.will be built B.is built C.will build
6.[河北考題] Emily is glad that she _____ for her honesty at that meeting.
A.praises B.praised C.is praised D.was praised
7.[湖北咸寧] — China's 23rd Beidou Satelite _____ into space on June 12,2016.
— As Chinese,we are proud of it.
A.has sent B.is sent C.will send D.was sent
8.[天津考題] Paper _____ first _____ about 2,000 years ago in China.
A.is;creating B.is;created C.has;created D.was;created
9.[山東臨沂] Now all Chinese couples _____ to have two children.
A.allow B.allowed C.are allowed D.were allowed
10.[江蘇揚(yáng)州] — Have you finished your report on green life?
— Not yet.I'll make it if I _____ another two days.
A.give B.am given C.will give D.will be given
11.[湖北黃石] — Why does the earth look blue in space?
— Because most of the earth's surface _____ by water.
A.covers B.is covered C.cover D.are covered
12.[陜西考題] Football _____ to our school subjects last year.
A.is added B.adds C.was added D.added
【答案速遞】
1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.D 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.C
瘋狂英語 英語語法 新概念英語 走遍美國 四級聽力 英語音標(biāo) 英語入門 發(fā)音 美語 四級 新東方 七年級 賴世雄 zero是什么意思遵義市航天風(fēng)華苑英語學(xué)習(xí)交流群